Low blood flow can cause tissue breakdown {infarct}| {infarction}. Five-sixths of cases involve artery blockage, causing brain-tissue death.
Penis can have prolonged erection {priapism}|.
Expanded muscles can reduce blood flow {exertional compartment syndrome} {shin splint}|. Shin bones can have small fractures.
Blood vessels can dilate {aneurysm}|.
Arteries can widen {embolism}| and weaken, leading to bleeding.
Swellings {hematoma}| can contain blood.
Anal-area swollen veins {hemorrhoid}| can cause pain or itching.
Arteries can have inflammation {arteritis}.
Veins can have inflammation {phlebitis}|.
Blood vessels can have inflammation {vasculitis}.
Fatty substances can stick to blood-vessel walls {atheroma}, eventually causing artery narrowing stenosis.
Arterial-wall smooth-muscle-cell fibrous plates can catch fatty debris, clotted blood, and connective tissue {atherosclerosis}| {arteriosclerosis}, to make blobs {plaque}. If blobs break, blood clots can form, which later can stay or break off and block blood flow.
Statins decrease LDL.
Molecules {vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1} (VCAM-1) can attract monocytes and lymphocytes to epithelia and cause inflammation. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate anti-oxidant represses VCAM-1 gene. Lipid peroxide activates VCAM-1 gene.
Coronary arteries can have blockage {coronary}| {coronary thrombosis}.
Blood-vessel obstruction or constriction can cause low blood supply {ischemia}| in organs and tissues.
Arteries can have blockage {occlusion, artery}|.
Leg arteries can have blockage {peripheral artery disease} that causes calf pain. Ankle-brachial index measures leg-artery clogging.
Arteries can narrow {stenosis}|.
Brain blood vessels can burst, or emboli can block blood vessels {stroke}| {apoplexy}. One-sixth of strokes involve cerebral-hemorrhage bleeding. Five-sixths of cases involve artery blockage, causing brain-tissue infarction.
causes
Main cause is hypertension. Atheroma can cause stenosis. Occlusion or embolism can weaken vessels, leading to breaking and bleeding.
effects
First, one body side has arm and leg weakness {hemiplegia, stroke}. Brainstem pressure coning can cause drowsiness, unconsciousness, respiratory paralysis, and ultimately death. Low oxygen can cause consciousness loss. About one-third of patients die within three weeks. Stroke is third major death cause in USA and Europe, in 0.2% of people each year, three quarters in seniors. Survivors often have partial arm or leg paralysis.
Blood-clot thrombi can block blood vessels {thrombosis}|.
One-sixth of circulation cases involve brain bleeding {cerebral hemorrhage}|.
Blood vessels can have bleeding {hemorrhage}|.
Blood diseases can cause bruising or bleeding under skin {purpura}|. Blood transfusions can cause bruising.
When heart muscle does not receive enough blood {angina pectoris} {angina}|, chest pain results.
Abnormal heart rhythms {arhythmia}| include ectopic beats, electrical alternations, torsades de pointes, high-grade blocks, escape rhythms, Wenckebach rhythms, tachycardia, and fibrillation.
Heart and other muscles can twitch {fibrillation}|.
Emboli can block cardiac blood vessels {heart attack}|. Blood-plasma transthyretin makes amyloid.
Heart can beat too slow {bradycardia}|.
Heart can beat too fast {tachycardia}|.
Blood pH can go below 7.4 {acidosis}|, resulting in rapid breathing.
Low blood oxygen and high blood carbon dioxide result from decrease in hemoglobin and red-blood-cell number {anemia}|. Snake venom, malaria, burns, chemicals, blood loss, bone-marrow disease, vitamin-B12 deficiency, folic-acid deficiency, iron deficiency, blows, or shock can cause anemia.
Blood vessels can have blocks {embolus}| to blood flow.
People can absorb iron efficiently {hemochromatosis}.
Poisons, toxins, and immune reactions can break red blood cells {hemolysis}|.
Blood can have too-high pressure {hypertension}|.
Diarrhea can increase red-blood-cell number {polycythemia}|, causing poor blood flow.
Organisms or toxins can be in blood {septicemia}.
Different hemoglobins can make different-shaped red blood cells {sickle cell anemia}|.
Hemoglobin synthesis can be faulty {thalessemia}.
Molecules {thrombospondin} can bind to red blood cells, which then secrete molecules that make red blood cells stick to blood-vessel walls.
4-Medicine-Disease-Kinds-Organ
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Date Modified: 2022.0225