DNA contains repetitive sequences, introns in gene-coding regions, untranslated sequences 5' and 3' to gene-coding regions, pseudogenes, and transposed regions {junk DNA} {selfish DNA}. Almost all DNA is non-coding junk DNA. Over time, species can gain and lose junk DNA.
repeats
Most junk DNA is repetitive. Species have distinctive repetitive sequences. Repetitive regions change in cancer and cell growth.
Satellite DNA has 100 bases. Minisatellite DNA, such as GGGCAGGAXG, has 10 to 20 bases, is at 1000 loci, has 5 to 50 repeats, and initiates gene swapping. Microsatellite DNA has less than 20 bases.
Alu repeats are only in primates, repeat million times in different locations, are 10% of DNA, have internal promoter, and are similar in sequence to ribosome gene.
B1 repeats are in mice.
LINE-1 repeats contain reverse transcriptase, are 15% of DNA, and have a hundred thousand copies.
introns
Humans and other highly evolved species tend to have more, longer, and more-complex introns.
untranslated regions
5' and 3' untranslated regions contain enhancers and suppressors and regulate protein translation. Humans and other highly evolved species tend to have longer and more-complex 5' and 3' untranslated regions.
transposition
Retroviruses and bacteria cause transposition. DNA transposition rate in primates is lower than in mice. Immune responses use transposition.
language
Junk DNA statistically appears to have sequence patterns with characteristics similar to patterns in language. Junk sequences can be codes for processes that control signal transmission, gene expression, protein alteration, or other processes that use information.
Biological Sciences>Genetics>Nucleic Acid>Regions
4-Genetics-Nucleic Acid-Regions
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Date Modified: 2022.0224