Cell-nucleus DNA can replicate to make two DNA sets {mitosis}|. Growing cells spend 5% of time in mitosis.
cell cycle
All eukaryotic cells have the same cell-division sequence and cell-cycle controls. First, cell differentiates and grows but does not divide, in gap 1 stage. Then cell begins cell division. DNA synthesizes, and chromosomes replicate, in S stage. Then cell grows with no DNA replication, in gap 2 stage. In M stage, mitosis has chromosome doubling prophase, chromosome pairing metaphase, chromosome separation on spindles anaphase, and cell-nucleus splitting telophase. The long interphase between mitoses includes gap-1, S, and gap-2 stages.
mitosis start
Nuclear-to-cytoplasmic volume ratio controls mitosis. Cell division starts after cell grows enough. Perhaps, hormones control mitosis.
proteins
More than 60 cell-division-cycle (CDC) proteins control cell cycle. They regulate metabolism in non-growing cells, trigger mitosis, and coordinate growth and division in growing cells.
cytokinesis
After mitosis, cell splits, as membrane pinches in, to make two cells. Mitosis and cytokinesis are independent processes.
yeast
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae budding yeast, bud is start of DNA synthesis. Bud grows throughout other stages. Cell nucleus differs in gap 2 and mitosis. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe fission yeast, cell length shows cell-cycle stage. Cell nucleus differs in gap 2 and mitosis. Budding yeast CDC28 and fission yeast cdc2 make serine, threonine kinase, which binds to different cyclins to make proteins {maturation promoting factor} (MPF) that start cell division and act from gap 2 to mitosis. Factor complex breakup ends mitosis.
temperature
Mutant organisms {temperature-sensitive organism} can have temperature-sensitive proteins and die or stop growing at higher temperature.
metaphase stoppage
Colcemid, trypsin, and Giemsa stain stop cells at metaphase. Typically, bromodeoxyuridine precedes chemical stoppage.
Biological Sciences>Cell>Cell Cycle>Mitosis
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Date Modified: 2022.0224