Warmth, moisture, and oxygen start seed growth {germination}|.
First, a filament {suspensor} of cells grows. At suspensor end, one cell divides to make embryo, as a round cell mass. Embryo then makes cotyledon.
Embryos make primary seed leaves {cotyledon}|, which have a central axis. Angiosperms are monocotyledons or dicotyledons. Seed leaves enclose embryo but are not like mature leaves.
Axis above seed leaves {epicotyl} becomes stem and leaves.
Axes {hypocotyl} can be below seed leaves, be beside radicle, and have immature stems.
Immature leaves {plumule} can be beside hypocotyl.
After seeds absorb water, axis {radicle} below hypocotyl grows and emerges from seed to make primary root. Root grows down, pulling axis and cotyledon out of seed coat.
4-Botany-Plant-Vascular-Angiosperm-Seed
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Date Modified: 2022.0225