The gradient of scalar electric potential is vector electric field. A scalar function has a divergence of the gradient {Laplacian}: D^2f/Dx^2 + D^2f/Dy^2 + D^2f/Dz^2, where D is partial derivative. Potential relates to charge density as Laplacian of potential equals negative of charge density divided by electrostatic constant (Poisson's equation). If charge density is zero, Laplacian of potential equals zero (Laplace's equation).
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Date Modified: 2022.0224