Speaking has persuasion and correct expression {rhetoric}.
Use sentence parts independently of other sentence parts {absolute construction}.
Stop in mid-sentence and start a new sentence {anacolouthon}.
Refer to earlier word {antecedent, rhetoric}.
Relate subject to verb as action agent or target {diathesis}.
Indicate objects that are not present {displaced speech}.
Attach clause to another clause {hypotaxis} {subordination}.
Use short and simple sentences with no conjunctions {parataxis}.
Answer argument opponent likely will use or place object or event before actual existence {prolepsis}. Hypotheticals, such as "If you do this, then result will be that", are examples.
Start a clause with "if" {hypothetical clause} {protasis, rhetoric}.
Use laughter to stop seriousness, or vice versa {risus sophisticus}.
Show hypothetical or conditional actions or states {subjunctive, rhetoric}.
Allude to the familiar, such as recalling former success or catastrophe {anamnesis, rhetoric}.
Use another's words in new context, with new emphasis or effect {parachresis}.
Quote famous words, with new twists or changes, without identifying them {paradiorthosis}.
Use proverbs in new situations {paroemia}.
Build to a climax, such as using clauses without conjunctions {asyndeton}.
Repeat word or sound in succeeding phrase or clause {climax, rhetoric}.
Use words or phrases arranged from lowest to highest {incrementum}.
Use synonyms {synonymy}.
Contrast an idea with its opposite {antithesis, rhetoric}.
Reverse word order in second clause {chiasmus} {antimitabole}.
Match words in clauses syllable for syllable, with substitutions {comparison, rhetoric}.
Pair opposite suppositions or switch consequent and antecedent {dilemma, rhetoric}.
Show how dissimilar to usual things something is, for emphasis {dissimile}.
Emphasize contrary statements {enatiosis}. It often combines with chiasmus.
Intensify, such as using rhetorical question {erotesis}.
Use frequent rhetorical questions, as if consulting audience {anacoenosis}.
Emphatically reject idea {apodioxis}.
Stop in mid-sentence {aposiopesis}.
Address someone not present or address non-human thing or god as if person {apostrophe, rhetoric}.
Address someone not present to say something against him {ecphoneis} {exclamatio}.
Use logical reasoning incorrectly {affective fallacy}.
Give human characteristics to inanimate objects {pathetic fallacy}|.
Use words, phrases, or passages that represent something else {figurative language}| {figure of speech}.
Deviate from ordinary usage {figure, rhetoric}.
Use one word for whole sentence {holophrasis}.
Use diminutives, pet names, or endearment terms {hypocoristic}.
Words {metaphor, rhetoric} can describe something as if it is something else, compare two things without using connective, or substitute for other words.
examples
Sarcasm, hyperbole, and indirect speech are metaphor examples.
predicates, not subjects
Metaphors express similarities in predicates. Subject, object, or event can be analogy to another subject, object, or event.
relations
Narration uses simple phrases, about one thing. Relation nests and inverts two simple phrases to make complex phrase. Metaphors and models are relations of relations, among three things: topic, analogous topic, and purpose.
types
Metaphor {submerged metaphor} can make implicit comparison. Using two metaphors at once is often confusing {mixed metaphor}. Metaphors {dead metaphor} can no longer have meaning, because time has obscured their references.
Give human attributes to non-human things {personification}.
Use a connective, such as "as", "then", "like", or "seems", followed by a comparison {simile}|.
Use words, phrases, or passages that represent something else {symbol, rhetoric}.
Describe sense data using another sense {synesthesia, rhetoric}.
Use words, phrases, or passages that represent something else {trope, rhetoric}.
State fact in way much greater than real importance, or use exaggerated word for emphasis {hyperbole}| {overstatement}.
Use impossible supposition {hypothesis, rhetoric}.
State facts in ways much lower than real importance {understatement, rhetoric}|.
Say opposite of what is meant {verbal irony, rhetoric} {ironia}.
Say opposite of what is meant {antiphrasis}.
Use labels or epithets, usually ironic, for real names {antonomasia}.
Say it is hard to choose between two bad alternatives {aporia}.
Use exaggerated word, for irony {auxesis}. It uses understatement or overstatement.
Ironically grant permission {epitrope}.
Ironically substitute milder words for harsh ones {euphemism}|. Milder word can replace offensive word.
Assert something by denying opposite {litotes}. It uses understatement.
Use lesser word, for irony {meiosis, rhetoric}. It uses understatement or overstatement.
Combine opposite ideas in epigram-like form or use apparent contradiction or inconsistency for ironic emphasis {oxymoron}|.
Substitute words containing general idea for harsher words, for irony {paradiastole}. It uses substitution.
Say one will not mention something and then say it {apophasis} {paralepsis} {preteritio}.
Use two words, one apt and the other ironic, or one word with double purpose {zeugma}.
Use atypical word order {hyperbaton}.
State one's experience {martyria}.
Remind about previous statements, summarize present state, or indicate future statements {metabasis}.
Imitate others' language {mimesis, rhetoric}.
Make ironic concessions, followed by retorts {synchoresis}.
Change adjective and noun to two nouns connected by "and" {hendiadys}.
Use name of one thing to suggest another related thing, use similar-meaning word, or use metaphor in which associated word substitutes for thing {metonymy}.
Use narrative examples {parabola, rhetoric}.
Personify inanimate object {prosopopeia}.
Use part for whole, whole for part, or material for finished product {synecdoche}.
Repeat phrases at line beginnings {anaphora}.
Invert word order or omit words {anastrophe}.
Change meaning by changing word position {conditioned}.
Match voiced and unvoiced, or aspirate and inaspirate, sounds {correlation, rhetoric}.
Fuse end vowel and initial vowel {crasis}.
Leave out consonant {ecthlipsis}.
Use unaccented word as part of unaccented preceding word {enclisis}.
Use personal pronoun instead of previous noun {epanalepsis}.
Add sound to word without etymological reason {epenthesis}.
Fill hesitations with syllables or words {hesitation-form}.
Pause between two successive vowels {hiatus, rhetoric}.
Pronounce word by spelling and so pronounce it incorrectly {hyperform}.
Use wrong but similar-sounding words {malapropism}|.
Change word order or word sounds {metathesis}.
Change phonemes to change meaning {opposition}.
Pronounce correctly {orthoepy}.
Articulate or pronounce correctly {orthophony}.
Add to word end for easier pronunciation {paragoge}.
Use grammatically incomplete phrases {pendent, rhetoric}.
Combine two words to make a new shortened word {portmanteau word}.
Add vowel or syllable prefix to word {prothesis}.
Play with words that have two meanings or sounds {pun}|, using homonyms.
Use r sound rather than l or s sound {rhotacism}.
Join or use two words to change meaning {sandhi, rhetoric}.
Have irregular or improper grammatical agreement {syllepsis}.
Put words in jumbled orders {synchysis}.
Drop word middles to make contractions {syncope}.
Link two elements with connecting particle {syndesis}.
Make something grammatical by meaning, rather than by grammar or syntax {synesis}.
Use adjective transferred to nearby noun {transferred epithet}.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225