People study drama, poetry, prose, criticism, and printing {literature}.
Work can transform into another form {adaptation, book}, such as adapting book to make movie.
Government or private authority {censor} can remove work from public circulation {censorship, literature}.
People can write works {composition, writing}.
Writers have completed works {corpus}.
Speaking and acting in court {courtly love} can show love and respect for women.
People can read {literacy}.
People has works taught to next generation orally {oral tradition}.
People choose words and stresses {phraseology} {phrasing}.
People can use another's exact words, or closely similar words, in work {plagiarism}|.
Words can ridicule {satire}|. Light satire {Horatian satire} deals with foibles and follies. Serious satire {Juvenalian satire} can be about vice and crime. Pretentious pedants can espouse long-winded minutiae {Menippean satire} [-290]. Satire {indirect satire} can have story and characters. Satire {formal satire} can be observations about things, with no story or characters.
Words have typical context {usage}.
Just before publication, works can add an end page or chapter {addendum}|, with details or corrections.
Works can have page or chapter {afterword}| added at end about later events or ideas.
note {annotation}|.
Work can have page or chapter {appendix, book}| added at end with details about topic.
Works can have book lists {bibliography}|.
article author name {byline}.
Pictures can have short descriptions {caption}.
reference {citation, reference}.
paper or plastic book cover {dust jacket}.
Published works can have heavy paper pasted to back cover and last page {end paper} {end leaf}.
Chapter or section can begin with quotation or phrase {epigraph}|.
Works can end with a story {epilogue}| of what happened after main action concluded.
Published work can have empty page {flyleaf}| next to cover.
Works can have page or chapter {foreword}| added at beginning summarizing main ideas and giving acknowledgments.
Published work can have photograph or painting {frontispiece}| near front.
Works can have a chapter {glossary}| with definitions.
page or section beginning inscription {header}.
chapter, section, or subsection name {heading}.
Works can list words and phrases with corresponding page numbers {index, book}|.
Printed blocks {masthead}| can have publishers names and addresses and information about subscribing, changing address, and/or price.
Works can have beginning pages {preface, book}| preparing reader for main text by giving background information or recommending how to read text.
Works can begin with story {prologue}| of what happened before main action began.
greeting {salutation}.
Plays have main sections {act, drama}.
Ancient Greek plays can have contrast or debate {agon}.
Pathos {bathos}| can be too much or about trivial things and can cause laughter.
White actors can paint faces black {black face} to portray black people.
Drama often gives people heightened pity or fear feelings, which drain emotions {catharsis, drama}|. Tragic drama imitates life and excites fear and sympathy, which it then relieves.
Publicists can pay audience members {claque} to applaud actor.
After dramas, audience can request actor to appear in front of curtain {curtain call}.
People can feel character emotions {empathy, drama} {Einfühlung}.
Putting on drama includes making scenery, making properties, positioning actors on stage, and determining actor gestures and inflections {mise en scene}.
Dramas can evoke sympathy, pity, or sorrow {pathos}|.
Comic actors can appear to trip and fall exaggeratedly {pratfall}|.
Acts have parts {scene, drama}.
Dramas have backgrounds {scenery}.
Dramas have instructions {stage direction} for staging.
one location, one time, and one theme {Unities}|.
Dramas have outdoor or indoor scenes {set, drama} with properties, such as trees or furniture.
Drama sets have movable items {property, drama}.
Ancient Greek drama featured men {chorus} who commented on the action.
Chorus can recite when it leaves stage {antistrophe}.
Chorus can recite when it is on stage {epode}.
Chorus can recite when it moves onto stage {strophe, chorus}.
Actors speak to each other {dialogue}.
Characters can direct dialog to audience {aside}|, not to other characters.
Characters can perform extra dialogue or actions {byplay}|.
Characters can give long speeches {monologue}| while other characters are on stage.
Speeches {soliloquy}| can be to oneself, while alone on stage.
Two characters can alternate, saying one line each {stichomythia}.
People {actor} {actress} can perform drama.
Actors can appear briefly {cameo role}|.
Comic actors can be females {comedienne}.
Play beginning has character list {dramatis personae}|.
Puppets {marionette}| can hang from strings used to raise head, arms, and legs.
Permanent acting groups {repertory company} can perform previously performed plays.
Temporary acting groups {stock company} can perform previously performed plays.
Unprepared actors {walk-on} can appear in drama.
Japanese puppet theater {bunraku} uses one-meter-tall puppets.
Stage shows {burlesque show} can have songs and dances by scantily clad women.
Dramas {capa y espada} {cloak and sword} can have love and intrigue.
Chinese plays {Chinese drama} can last six hours. Facial-makeup color indicates character. Scenery is minimal. Man in black moves set properties while play continues.
Dramas {closet drama} can be just for reading.
Short presentations {curtain raiser} can precede plays.
Plays have final rehearsal {dress rehearsal} in full costume.
17th-century Japanese plays {kabuki play}| were about common subjects, had a revolving stage, used scenery, featured elaborate costumes, and had songs, dances, and dialogues. A ramp {flowery walk} went from stage to lobby. Noh and Kabuki have rhythm or tempo {jo-ha-kyu}. In Kabuki, males play females {onnagata}.
Renaissance court dramas {masque}| {mask} can be about myth or allegory and use costumed and masked nobles, who entered as if from afar, asked ladies to dance, and then left. Before masques, professional dancers, representing chaos, appeared as monsters or clowns, whom nobles then routed. Ben Jonson developed antimasques. Baroque musical masques had speaking parts separated by songs.
Dramas {melodrama} can use exaggerated suspense, much action, and villains and heroes.
Medieval dramas {miracle play} can be about saint's life.
Medieval dramas {morality play} can be allegories of conflict between good and evil, as in the play Everyman.
Medieval dramas {mystery play} can be about Bible stories.
14th-century Japanese plays {noh play}| used historic and religious topics, male chorus on one stage side, musicians and property men on other stage side, simple properties and scenery, and one or two actors singing, dancing, or talking.
Dramas can use movements, poses, and gestures {pantomime}, with no words {dumb show}.
Dramas {problem play} can explore social problems.
Old Javanese plays {shadow play} were about gods and monsters and had narrator.
Theaters {straw-hat theater} can present vaudeville and light entertainments.
Plays {theater of the absurd}| can have plots in which life seems to have no meaning.
In 20th-century first half, in America, stage shows {vaudeville} had unconnected songs, dances, humorous antics, and readings.
Dramas {comedy} can involve unimportant characters, have celebratory endings, emphasize variety, explore love's foibles, or have main character that succeeds or has luck. Aristophanes and others began Greek comedy using satire and fantasy {Old Comedy}. Second Greek-comedy period {Middle Comedy} was after Aristophanes. After -300, Menander, Plautus, and Terence were in last Greek-comedy phase {New Comedy}.
Before masque {antimasque}, professional dancers, representing chaos, appeared as monsters or clowns, whom nobles then routed, in drama form developed by Ben Jonson.
Late-19th-century European comedies {boulevard drama}, such as Offenbach comedies, can have sophisticated humor.
People, event, or work imitations {caricature}| {burlesque imitation} can be comic and arouse contempt or indignation.
Comedies {comedy of humors} can be about character type or about mood.
Italian comedy {commedia dell'arte} [1545 to 1763] had professional actors, who improvised using comic dances, stock gestures, and stock characters. Commedia dell'arte evolved from gypsy traveling theaters {carro di tespi} (thespian).
characters
Arlecchino (Harlequin) is Pantalone's poor servant, who has cat, pig, or monkey mask and has a stick to hit people.
Brighella (Figaro or Scapin) is Arlecchino's partner and likes money and women.
Columbina (Colombina, the Servant, Columbine, Harlequine, or Pierrette) is the Innamorati's intelligent maidservant, Arlecchino's lover, and a plotter.
Il Capitano (the Captain) is a boastful but cowardly soldier.
Il Dottore (the Doctor), Dottore Balanzone, or Dottore Graziano is a rich aristocrat.
Innamorata (Lover) is leading lady. Innamorato (Lover) is leading man. These two lovers are Amorosi or Innamorati.
Isabella (Lucinda, Cornelia, Silvia, or Rosaura) is Pantalone's attractive and teasing daughter, whom he introduces to old rich men.
Pagliaccio (Clown) is a clown.
Pantalone (Pantalon de' Bisognosi or Pantaloon) is a rich miser, Isabella's father, and Arlecchino's cruel employer.
Pedrolino (Pierino, Vicenza, or Pierrot) lives in fantasy and wears a white mask.
Pulcinella (Punch) is hunchback who likes women.
Scaramuccia (Scaramouche) is a swordsman who can replace Il Capitano. He is typically a servant who wears all black, including black velvet mask and hat.
La Ruffiana is an old woman who gossips and bothers the Lovers. Gianduia is a good peasant. Zanni is a poor old servant.
Comedies {farce} can have humorous plot.
Comedies {high comedy} can use witty and humorous dialogue {repartee} between characters. Etherage, Wycherley, and Congreve developed high comedy {Restoration comedy}. Later, others developed Restoration-comedy derivatives {comedy of manners} {comedy of wit}.
Japanese comedy {kyogen}.
Dramas {rogue comedy} can involve pleasant scoundrels.
Dramas {romantic comedy} can involve lovers or soon-to-be lovers in improbable situations.
Comedies {satiric comedy} {critical comedy} can ridicule main-character faults or meddling.
Comedies {situational comedy} can use plots that put characters in humorous situations.
Comedies {slapstick} can use humorous plots and involve physical comedy, such as hitting, falling, and contortion.
Dramas {tragedy} can be about important actions, dramatize death, show degradation process, or depict person's life. Tragedy typically uses humorous scenes {comic relief}, to change viewpoint or change pace.
Tragedy often depicts new self-consciousness {anagnorisis} in the hero, through fact discovery, personal-trait recognition, communication, or disclosure.
Main characters have a character defect {tragic flaw} {hamartia}, such as pride, excess virtue, greed, lust, or power hunger.
Tragedy can have actions that result in opposite of intended effect {peripety}.
Tragedies {bourgeois tragedy} {domestic tragedy} can depict middle-class or lower-class family problems.
Dramas {heroic tragedy} {heroic drama} can be about love or honor among aristocrats and rulers.
Dramas {tragicomedy} can be about important situations, such as possible death, but with successful conclusions.
Critical analysis can refer to literature principles {absolute criticism}.
Critical analysis can refer to emotional reactions {affective criticism}.
Critical analysis can use ideas about language relativity {deconstruction}.
Critical analysis can search for meaning {explication} {exegesis}.
Critical analysis can refer to writings and ideas of Freud {Freudian criticism}.
Critical analysis can emphasize history and context, not the work itself {historical criticism}.
Critical analysis can develop literature theory from examples {immanent criticism, literature}.
Critical analysis can express unanalyzed feelings {impressionist criticism}.
Critical analysis can refer to objective standards applied to parts and whole {judicial criticism}.
Critical analysis can refer to writings and ideas of Marx {Marxian criticism}.
Critical analysis can refer only to work and its actual words {New Criticism}, not to what people know about author, emotional reactions to work, historical perspectives, philosophies, or literary forms.
Critical analysis can emphasize actual work, rather than history and context {practical criticism}.
Critical analysis can refer to other works {relativist criticism}.
Critical analysis can be about personal viewpoint {subjectivist criticism}.
Critical analysis can attempt to select true wording meant by author among various existing versions {textual criticism}.
Critical analysis can emphasize literature theory and principles {theoretical criticism}.
England {Booker Prize}.
France {Prix de Goncourt}.
USA {Pulitzer Prize}.
People can refer to something {allusion}|.
Word or phrase can have two meanings {ambiguity}|.
People can use word or phrase used earlier in history {anachronism}|.
People can refer to second situation to illustrate situation {analogy, language}.
Work can be about ideals or philosophical ideas {conceit, literature}, such as references to noble or serious ideas {metaphysical conceit} {Petrarchan conceit}.
Sentences {declarative sentence} can be statements, not questions or commands.
People can use style like teaching lesson {didactic}.
People can realize something's meaning {epiphany}|.
Narrative can state fact or hint about what will happen later {foreshadowing}|.
Stream-of-consciousness writing can have uninterrupted thought flow {interior monologue}|.
People can express things poetically {lyricism}.
Latin-American writing {magical realism} can be realistic but add miracles and fantastic events.
People can use lofty style {mock-heroic} {mock-epic} {high burlesque} on trivial themes.
People can use different words for same idea {paraphrase, literature}|, to vary diction.
Work can use standard dramatic character {stock character}, such as villain in melodrama, hopeless drunk, or mad scientist.
20th-century novels can describe hero's continuous conscious and unconscious mental life {stream of consciousness technique}.
"Where are they?" or "Where have the beautiful and powerful gone?" {ubi sunt} was medieval motif.
Poems {poetry} have rhythm, prosody, rhyme, and sound effects.
poetry {poesy}.
Poets {creacionismo} can be word magicians.
Mande poet {griot} {dyeli} {belein-tigui}.
Stereotyped synonyms {kenning} or compound words were in Old-English poetry.
Chinese verse {qualitative verse} uses voice pitch, rather than rhythm.
Greek and Latin verse {quantitative verse} depended on long and short syllable rhythms.
Poems have stanza patterns {prosody, poetry}.
long-poem part {canto}.
Line pairs {couplet}| can rhyme. Couplets typically have eight syllables per line.
Iambic-pentameter line pairs {heroic couplet} can rhyme.
Eight iambic pentameter lines have rhyme scheme ABABABCC {ottava rima}.
Stanzas {quatrain}| can have four lines. Quatrains can have iambic pentameter lines with rhyme scheme ABAB {heroic quatrain} {elegiac quatrain} {heroic stanza}. Quatrains can have iambic pentameter line, iambic trimeter line, iambic tetrameter line, and iambic trimeter line {ballad stanza}.
Verses {quintain} can have five lines.
Seven iambic pentameter lines have rhyme scheme ABABBCC {rhyme royal}.
Eight iambic-pentameter lines can precede an Alexandrine line, with rhyme scheme ABABBCBCC {Spenserian stanza}.
Poems have sections or paragraphs {stanza} {verse} with fixed line numbers in rhyming patterns.
Stanzas {triplet, three} {tercet} can have three lines.
Triplet stanzas {terza rima} can have line that rhymes with line in next stanza.
Poetry typically uses similar sounds at line ends or inside lines {rhyme} {rhyming}. Line ends can have similar sounds {terminal rhyme} {end rhyme}. Line last syllables can have same last vowel sound and same last consonant sound {perfect rhyme} {exact rhyme}. Line last syllables can have same last consonant sound {half-rhyme} {off rhyme}. Line last syllables can have same spelling but different pronunciation {eye rhyme}.
Initial word sounds can be similar {alliteration}| {initial rhyme}.
Two words can have same vowel sound but different consonant sounds {assonance}.
Two words can have same consonant sounds but different vowel sounds {consonance, rhyme}.
The rhyming syllable can be unstressed {feminine rhyme} {double rhyme}, with stressed syllable preceding unstressed syllable.
Similar sounds can repeat inside line {internal rhyme}.
Rhyming syllable can have stress {masculine rhyme}.
Line ends can look the same but sound different {sight rhyme}.
Line ends can have same vowel sound but different consonants {slant rhyme}.
Rhyming syllable can have stress {stress, poetry} or no stress.
Poetry uses repeated stressed and unstressed syllables {rhythm, poetry}. Pauses, word lengths, and consonant clusters affect rhythm.
One or more unstressed syllables can be at line beginning {anacrusis}.
Line can have short pause {caesura}.
One or two unstressed syllables can be at line end {catalexis}.
Unstressed syllable can be at line end {feminine ending} or stressed syllable can be at line end {masculine ending} {ending}.
Line ends can have a pause {end-stopped line}.
Line ends can have no pause {run-on line} {enjambment}.
One or more unstressed syllables can be at line beginning or end {hypermeter}.
Poem lines can repeat feet {meter, poetry}. Poem lines can have three feet {trimeter}, four feet {tetrameter}, five feet {pentameter}, six feet {hexameter}, or seven feet {heptameter}.
Poem lines have foot type and feet number {scansion}| {scan}. To scan lines, foot name in adjective form precedes meter. For example, Alexandrine poetry used iambic hexameter. Shakespeare used iambic pentameter.
One stressed syllable can be at foot beginning, with any number of unstressed syllables {sprung rhythm}.
English verse uses louder and longer syllables {accented syllable} and softer and shorter syllables {unaccented syllable} {accent, poetry}.
Poems {stress-verse} typically have stressed-syllable patterns.
Two or three syllables {foot, poetry} {feet, poetry} have one stressed syllable or no stressed syllable. Poem lines repeat feet.
Three syllables {anapest, poetry} can have last syllable stressed and so have rising stress.
Three syllables {dactyl, poetry} can have first syllable stressed and so have falling stress.
The most common foot {iamb, poetry} has two syllables with second stressed, and so has rising stress.
Two syllables {pyrrhic, poetry} can have no stress.
Three syllables {spondee, poetry} can have neither rising nor falling stress.
Two syllables {trochee, poetry} with first stressed have falling stress.
Poems {antipoetry} can be in colloquial language about common life.
story poem {ballad poem}.
Poems {blank verse}| can use unrhymed iambic pentameter lines.
Poems {confessional poetry} can admit sin.
Poems {elegy}| can be melancholy contemplations or laments.
Short sentences {epigram}| can be solemn {Greek epigram} or witty {Roman epigram}.
Poetry {Gnomic poetry} can use aphorisms, maxims, and proverbs.
Poems {lyric poem} can express emotions or thoughts, with no story.
Poems {macaronic verse} can use several languages.
Poems {occasional verse} can be for common events.
Lyric poems {ode}| can be about serious themes, gods, or heroes. Odes {Pindaric ode} can have stanzas with strophe, anti-strophe, and epode and have lines with different lengths. Odes {Horatian ode} can have four-line stanzas about love, patriotism, and morals.
Poems {pastoral, poem} {bucolic, poem} can be about simple country life or about shepherds. Pastoral poems are often in Arcadia, mountainous region of Greece.
Poems {sonnet}| can have 14, 12, or 16 lines in iambic pentameter. Sonnets can use rhyme scheme ABAB CDCD EFEF GG {Shakespearean sonnet} {English sonnet} or ABBA ABBA CDE CDE {Petrarchan sonnet} {Italian sonnet}. Sonnets can be in series {sonnet sequence}.
Songs {hymn} can be about God, something sacred, or heroes.
Hymns {magnificat}| can praise God.
Hymns {psalm}| can be of praise.
Books {psalmody} can have psalms.
Narrative poems {epic poem} {heroic epic} can be about heroes in golden or mythical age, in serious and formal style and with allusions and figurative language. Epic poems begin with appeal to the Muses {invocation, poem}. Then the poet asks the Muses the epic question. Then narrative begins, often in media res, when the hero is at low point. Action continues from that point, with occasional flashbacks. Gods or magic can intervene {machinery, poem}.
style
Epic poems typically repeat stock epithets and line formulas.
types
Epic poems can feature trips to land of the dead. Epic poems can be for recitation before royalty {primary epic} {folk epic}. Epic poems can be for reading {secondary epic} {literary epic}.
In narrative poems, poet asks the Muses what began the action {epic question}|.
In narrative poems, narrative begins, often in story middle {in media res}, when hero is at low point.
Epic poems can be long comparisons {epic simile} {Homeric simile}.
Short epic poems {idyll}| {epyllion} can be pastoral in tone.
Short medieval tales or songs {lay} {lai} were about love and adventure.
Poems {narrative poem} can tell story.
Troubadours sang lyrics {aube} from a lady to her lover.
Three eight-line stanzas have rhyme scheme ABABBCBC, followed by four-line envoy with rhyme scheme BCBC {ballade poem}. 14th-century troubadours used ballade form.
Rhyming short love stories {Breton lay} can have mythology, chivalry, and magic. Chaucer adapted English Breton lays for The Canterbury Tales.
French songs {chanson de geste, French} can be about deeds.
Five eleven-line stanzas have rhyme scheme ABABCCDDEDE, followed by five-line envoy with rhyme scheme DDEDE {chant royal}.
Poems {chantefable} can have alternating verse and prose.
In medieval poetic forms {debat}, two characters disputed abstract topic.
Last stanzas {envoy, poem} can be farewells. Envoys typically dedicate poem to someone.
Poetry forms {French fixed form} can be similar to ballade: love song {canso}, debate {tenso}, intellectual debate {partimen} {joc parti}, satirical song {sirventes}, conversation between people separating at dawn {alba}, knight and female shepherd {pastorela}, and lament {planh}.
round {rondeau, poetry}.
Light verse {vers de societé} can use complicated rhyme scheme and sophisticated ideas.
Unrhymed poems {free verse} {vers libre} in fixed meter can have different line lengths.
19-line poems {villanelle} have five tercets, each followed by refrain, and one quatrain, followed by refrain. First-tercet first and third lines are refrain.
short sung funeral elegy {dirge}|.
Poems {eulogy}| can praise living or dead people.
Eulogies {monody, poetry} can be at funerals.
Eulogies {threnody} can be at funerals.
Ancient Greeks composed wild and emotional hymns {dithyramb} to Dionysius. Greek tragedy developed from dithyramb.
Poems or acrostics {abecedarius} can use alphabet.
Poem letters or lines can make patterns {acrostic}|.
Poetry {anacreonic poetry} can be about wine and women.
Poets can make poetic protests {complaint, poetry} to unresponsive opposite-sex people.
Poems {concrete poem} can describe images or shapes.
Poems {ditty} can be short informal humorous songs.
Humorous poems {doggerel} can use rhymed lines with odd stresses and irregular metrics.
Poem lines can form shape {emblematic poetry}.
Folk poems {flyting} can alternate abusive comments from two characters.
Lyrics {Goliardic verse} can be about wine and women in made-up Latin.
Mock-heroic poetry can use iambic-tetrameter couplets {Hudibrastic couplet}.
Poems {light verse} can be playful, comic, absurd, sophisticated, or witty, or have complicated rhyme scheme.
Humorous poems {limerick}| can use rhyme scheme AABBA, with third and fourth lines shorter than the others.
Light verse {nonsense verse} can use absurd words or ideas.
Poems {shape poem} can have different-length lines that form shapes.
Poems {canzone} {fronte} {sirma} similar to Italian sonnet can have several stanzas of 14 lines, followed by envoy.
florid style {marinismo}.
Poems {haiku}| can have three lines, with five, seven, and five syllables. Basho, Buson, Chiyo-ni, Chosu, Dansui, Etsujin, Issa, Kyorai, Oeharu, Shiki, Shisei-jo, Shusen, and Soseki used haiku form.
Japanese poem form {renga}.
Poems {tanka} can have five lines, with five, seven, five, seven, and seven syllables. Tsurayuki used tanka form.
Japanese poem form {waka}.
Drinking songs {khamriyyat} can be about the wine boy {saqi}.
funny love lyrics {mudhakkarat} {mujuniyyat}.
Pastoral poems {eclogue} can be dialogue between shepherds or rural description.
chorus odes {epinicia}.
Catullus developed lyrics {epithalamion} for newlyweds.
Pastoral poems {georgic} can be about farming and farm work.
gypsy deep song {cante jondo}.
personal-life poems {carmina, poem}.
Literary works can be narratives or analyses {prose}, not dramas or poetry.
Sounds or signals {alarum} can be about imminent danger.
formal conversation {colloquy}|.
public performance {spectacle}.
anxiety and uncertainty {suspense}.
expression {utterance}.
witty statement {aphorism}|.
bantering {badinage}.
Irish flattery {blarney}.
People can have fun at expense of people or ideas {derision}.
comic story {drollery}.
light and playful work {humoresque}.
Personal attacks {lampoon}| can be comically overdrawn.
Literary imitations {parody}| can be comic.
Humorous talking {patter} can accompany music or magic performances.
banter {persiflage}|.
happy teasing or ridicule {raillery}.
vulgar humor {ribaldry}.
insightful and humorous expression {witticism}.
repartée {wordplay}.
Two words {anagram}| can use same letters.
Designs {monogram} can use one or more letters.
Expressions {palindrome}| can have same letter sequence forward and backward.
Sentences {pangram} can use all alphabet letters.
People can use proverbs or sayings {adage}|.
trite expression {bromide}.
Words {byword} can be common.
Words or phrases {catch phrase} can be common.
slogan {catchword}.
tombstone or monument phrase {epitaph}|.
People can express ignorant or oversimplified idea {fatuity}.
Words {filler} can fill publication's empty columns.
People can express accepted idea {given}.
jazz jargon {jive}.
rule or principle {maxim}.
trite expression {pabulum, writing}.
trite expression {pap}.
trite expression {platitude}.
innocuous expression {pleasantry}.
Traditional sayings {proverb} can be about proper-living rules.
Vibrating tongue on lips makes disapproving sounds {raspberry, expression}.
saying {saw, saying} {saying, saw}.
soothing expression {sop}.
Slogans or last lines {tag line} can emphasize idea.
a truth {verity}.
slogan or password {watchword}.
People can tell others to do or not do something {admonition}.
regretful note {apology}.
disparagement {aspersion}.
high-sounding but ridiculous expression {bombast}.
criticism {brickbat}.
falsely attributing trait or action to damage reputation {calumny}|.
Arguing cases {casuistry}| can show how it is not against religious or state law.
derisive or disapproving expression {catcall}.
hypothesis {conjecture}.
hurtful expression {contumely}.
problem or riddle {conundrum}.
formal criticism {critique, literature}.
Expressions {denunciation} can state that people have done wrong.
long denunciation {diatribe}.
People can espouse simple ideas {dogma}.
uninformative expression {drivel}.
derogatory name {epithet}|.
profane or vulgar exclamation {expletive}.
long emotional speech {harangue}.
charms and spells {incantation}.
Words can denounce something {invective}.
curse {malediction}.
Life summaries {obituary} can be published after death.
oration style {oratory}.
argument {polemic}|.
obscene literature {pornography}|.
rule {prescript}.
doctor's drug order {prescription, medicine}.
search question or keyword {query}.
Expressions {rap} can be about immediate feelings and ideas.
answering argument points {rebuttal}.
expressing from memory {recitation, speech}.
reply to reply {rejoinder}.
recanting {retraction}.
Speakers can pose and answer questions {rhetorical question}|.
argument {rhubarb, argument}.
Questions {riddle} can suggest objects or situations using metaphorical clues.
People can recite from memory {rote}, without thinking.
ironic or mocking expression {sarcasm}.
gossip {scuttlebutt}.
enticing or alluring expression {siren song}.
Persuasion {snow job} can use deception and flattery.
People can use logic or reasoning to reach questionable conclusions {sophistry}.
criticism {stricture}.
advice {suggestion}.
emotional speech {tirade}.
Words can trivialize important or heroic thing {travesty, literature} {low burlesque}.
People can speak formally {allocution}|.
Foreign-language words can change to form more like English usage {anglicize}.
Removing affix from another word {back-formation} can make new word or meaning.
Two sounds can affect each other {blend}.
For commercial or prudish purposes, publisher can remove vulgar or offensive words or sections {bowdlerize}.
People can speak simultaneously {cacaphony}|, so noise is great and sound has no meaning.
People can use many words to convey thought {circumlocution}|.
Names {cognomen}| can be descriptive or can be last names.
People can make up words {coined word}.
Words can combine with context {combining form}, such as making word into prefix.
People can make harmonious sounds {diapason, speaking}.
In bad usage, sentence can have two negatives {double negative}.
People can pronounce properly using good grammar, tone, and style {elocution}|.
Two sounds can be harmonious {euphony}|.
French-like expression {gallicism}.
conversation part {interlocution}.
People can express using rhyme or rhythm {poetics}.
Works {set piece} can have formal patterns.
People can speak softly but rapidly about ongoing situation {titter}.
words {verbiage}.
Prose can be restrained and ordered {Apollonian prose style}.
Prose can be clear and simple {Attic style}.
Prose can state the main idea and then elaborate, using no parallel constructions and no climax {baroque style, prose} {loose style}.
Prose can be complex and smooth, using parallel constructions, crescendos, and dependent clauses {periodic style, Cicero}, so meaning becomes clear only at end {Ciceronian style}.
Prose can be wild, free, willful, and violent {Dionysian prose style}.
Isocratic style {Euphuistic style} can use myths, proverbs, and zoological references.
Prose can be ornate, using equal-length clauses, equal numbers of sounds, and parallel constructions and thoughts {Isocratic style}.
Plot and characters can evolve in deterministic way {naturalism, literature} {naturalist style}.
Prose can be complex and smooth, using parallel constructions, crescendos, and dependent clauses {periodic style, prose}.
Prose can be florid writing {purple passage}.
Howells, Crane, Garland, and Twain wrote detailed accounts of everyday life {realism, literature} {realistic style}.
Prose can involve good middle-class people or reformed villains {sentimental style}. It uses no wit.
Japanese popular-writing form {ukiyozoshi}.
Certain words or grammatical forms {diction, literature} are appropriate for meaning intended. Using different words for same idea {paraphrase, diction} varies diction. Certain words or grammatical forms are appropriate only in poetry {poetic diction}.
In sentence positions, words or grammatical forms can be appropriate {decorum, literature}.
Literature can use contradiction {irony, literature}, in which intention is opposite of signal or result.
types
Spoken or written words can imply opposite idea {verbal irony, opposites}. During reasoning, later statements can contradict earlier statements {Socratic irony}. Characters can claim to have no knowledge but then demonstrate knowledge, as when Socrates claimed to have no knowledge, in Plato. Writers can playfully discuss contradictory ideas about love {romantic irony}, as in Romantic German literature. Action results can be opposite to what person expected, with tragic consequences {tragic irony}, as in Sophocles' works. Action results can be opposite to what person expected, for comical effect, as in farce. Fate can change action consequences or cause action changes {irony of fate} {cosmic irony}.
Writing can use too many stylistic devices {mannerism, literature}.
Literature can describe how and why character actions result from personality {motivation, literature}.
Works have time and place {setting, literature}.
Literature can have hierarchies and sequences {structure, literature}. Stanzas or episodes can be about one event. Episodes are at scenes. Works can have acts. Structure can repeat similar parts {parallel structure} or contrast differing parts {antithetical structure}. Content ideas unify episodes, scenes, and acts. Opposing episodes, scenes, and acts can create conflict and tension.
Literature can use expression devices and methods {style, literature}. In general, style is high or grand style, middle style, or low or plain style.
Poems or sentence lines have structure {texture, literature}. Texture involves imagery, meter, and detail, which underlying idea {content, prose} unifies or opposes to create conflict {tension, prose}.
Literature can have underlying idea or principle {theme, literature}, which develops in the work.
All parts can contribute to each other {unity, literature}. Renaissance critics suggested that the following three things {three unities} gave greatest unity: all scenes are relevant to the plot {action, unity}, period is less than day {time, unity}, and setting is one location {place, unity}.
Literature can describe event sequences {plot, literature}. Works can use subplots within main plot or plots {underplot} contrasting with main plot. Works can have main subplots or underplots {double plot}.
Literature can describe mental and physical activities {action, plot}.
rising
Plots have beginnings {rising action}. Rising action starts with character presentation {exposition, character}. Exposition includes meeting between protagonist and antagonist. Conflict between protagonist and antagonist or fate {complication, plot} follows, reaching conflict height {crisis, plot} {climax, plot}. Climax can be trivial or exaggerated {anticlimax}.
falling
Plots have second sections {falling action}. Falling action starts with conflict result, which can involve winning, losing, winning then losing, or losing then winning {reversal, plot}. Endings {catastrophe, plot} describe climax-and-reversal reactions {denouement, plot} and emotions {resolution, plot}.
Action involves struggle {conflict, literature} between protagonist and antagonist, fate, or self.
reversal {denouement, literature}|.
Stories can describe events {flashback}| {retrospect} that happened earlier in time.
Plots have sections {story, plot}. Stories either narrate scenes or summarize periods.
Literature can describe personalities {characterization} {character, literature}. Characters can have one main trait {flat character} or several main traits {round character}.
Main character {hero} {protagonist}| is person who struggles against antagonist.
Protagonist struggles against another main character {antagonist, literature}|.
Main characters {antihero} can have actions or emotions opposite to hero actions or emotions.
Main character can contrast with another character {foil, literature}.
Literature can use one or several paragraph or section formats {format, literature} {form, literature}.
Works can contrast pros and cons about questions {argumentation}.
Works can describe scenes {description, literature}.
Works can use dialogue {discourse}.
Works can explain acts or opinions {exposition, literature}.
Works can state theme examples {illustration, literature}.
Works can analyze performances or works {judgment, literature}.
Stories can have little dialogue {narration}.
Literature can reflect author relation to story {viewpoint, literature} {point of view, literature} {voice, literature}.
Characters {first-person observer} can observe and report action but have no action.
Characters {first-person participant} can participate in, and report on, action.
Authors {objective third person} can know no thoughts and not editorialize.
Authors {omniscient third person} can know character thoughts and actions. Authors {selective omniscient third person} {limited omniscient third person} can know one character's thoughts.
Authors {editorial observer} can comment on character thoughts or actions.
Naive people or children {innocent eye} can express author viewpoint in first person.
Authors {neutral observer} can make no comment on character thoughts or actions.
Persons {narrator} telling stories can express author thoughts.
Implied characters {mask character} can express author thoughts.
People can analyze {cryptography} coded messages {cryptogram}|.
proposed version {draft, paper}.
company symbol or lettering {logo} {logotype}|.
Motions {previous question} can be current in parliaments.
excerpt anthology {analect}.
previously-published-works collection {anthology}|.
historical and/or rare documents {archive}|.
narrative history {chronicle}.
Notebooks {commonplace book} can contain photographs and other personal-interest items.
works collection {compendium}|.
works collection {compilation}.
Books {diary} can describe writer's days.
short abridgement {digest}.
Books {emblem book} can explain drawings.
elementary-student textbook or introductory book {primer, book}.
film text {screenplay}.
Documentaries {semidocumentary} can include fictional or imagined historical events.
Historical, literary, or religious works {source book} can be for reference.
three related works {trilogy}.
ideal-society description {utopia}.
Books {bestiary} can be about animals, illustrating moral principles.
Novels {bilddungsroman} {Erziehungsroman} can be about main-character maturation.
Novels {epistolary novel} can be letters.
Biographies {fictional biography} can be plausible life recreations.
Novels {Gothic novel} can use horror.
Novels {historical novel} can be about historical people and actual settings.
western drama {horse opera}.
Novels {kunstlerroman} can be about artist development.
Fiction {novel} can have more than 200 pages, with developed plot and fully described characters.
Short novels {novelette} can have 50 to 100 pages.
During late Middle Ages and Renaissance, people wrote down epic poems about heroes or lovers of European nations, far away lands, or fantasy lands in prose {novella} in the national language. Short novel can have 100 to 200 pages.
Novels {picaresque novel} can involve nice rogues who escape dull middle-class life in exciting episodes. This novel form started in 16th century Spain as chivalry burlesques.
sensational and commercial book {potboiler}.
Novels {psychological novel} can explore hero mental patterns, as in Dostoevski's works.
Novels {roman a clef} can be about contemporary figures but with names changed.
During and after Renaissance, prose stories {romance} with heroic and romantic themes had contemporary characters, who underwent character development.
long narrative {saga}.
future story {science fiction}.
annual fact book {almanac}|.
society-member reports {annals}.
map book {atlas, book}|.
People can write biographies {autobiography}| about selves.
Nonfiction can be life stories {biography}|.
address book {black book}.
prayer and hymn book {breviary}.
collection contents or index {catalog}.
library-collection description {conspectus}.
encyclopedia {cyclopedia}.
alphabetical names, telephone numbers, and/or addresses {directory, book}.
many alphabetical articles {encyclopedia}|.
Biographies {hagiography} can be about saints.
account book {ledger}.
event record {log, record}.
Nonfiction can recount {memoir}| writer's life in a historical period.
prayer and response book {missal}.
law or legal-code digest {pandect}.
drug, preparation, and dosage list {pharmacopoeia}.
synonym book {thesaurus}|.
long nonfiction book {tome}.
Nonfiction books or films {travelogue} can be about journeys.
Books {treatise} can contain complete subject knowledge.
advertising or marketing booklet {brochure}.
brochure {circular}.
handed out printed sheet {handbill}.
handbill or circular {leaflet}.
poster or public nameplate {placard}.
abridgement {condensation, work}.
shortened work {abridgment}|.
Scientific articles begin with summaries {abstract, article}|.
abstract or short summary {précis}|.
summary {summation}.
plot summary {synopsis}|.
beliefs {credo}.
beliefs {creed}.
group beliefs {doctrine}.
goal or principle declaration {manifesto}|.
conduct principle {precept}.
Others can require official information {document, prose} in fixed formats.
In legal disputes, parties can reach agreement {accord between parties}.
proposed-marriage announcement {bann}.
community-member agreement {compact}.
Signed agreements {concordat} can be between two or more groups.
sin admission {confession}.
formal announcement {declaration, document}.
title {deed}.
authority's order {directive}.
Declarations {disclaimer, prose} {hedge clause} can state facts and warnings and state that person is not responsible for what happens in situation.
proclamation {edict, proclamation}.
formal request {petition, document}.
Document introductions {preamble}| can state purposes.
college-course outline and schedule {syllabus}|.
speech or meeting record {transcript}|.
Articles {essay, writing} can state personal thoughts about subjects.
long essay {disquisition}.
Masters and doctoral degrees require research descriptions and conclusions {dissertation}.
passage explanation or long commentary {gloss}.
sermon {homily}|.
Books {monograph}| can be about one subject.
long formal speech {oration}.
praising poem or speech {paean}|.
formal eulogy {panegyric}.
long speech or formal-speech summary {peroration}.
sermon {preachment}.
critical appraisal {review}.
research description and conclusions {thesis, essay}.
propaganda pamphlet {tract}.
farewell {valediction}.
The same letter {chain letter} can go to a sequence of persons.
Letters {encyclical}| can be to all group members, such as pastoral letters from Pope.
letter {epistle}|.
Pages {letterhead} can have printed logos or addresses.
letter {missive}|.
public letter {open letter}.
end-of-letter note {postscript}| {P.S.}.
Diplomats and reporters can send messages {dispatch, message} to superiors or employers.
newspaper or journal {gazette}.
Publications {house organ} can be for employees or clients.
daily event record, newspaper, or scholarly periodical {journal}.
newspaper-article writing {journalism}.
Regularly published magazines {periodical} can contain original articles.
Newspapers {scandal sheet} can print stories of improper behavior by famous people.
sensational newspaper {tabloid}.
news {tidings}.
Many books {apocrypha} have same subjects as books of Old and New Testaments, but bible compilers did not accept them.
blessing {beatitude}|.
Priests can pray that God will protect and bless congregation {benediction}|.
spoken blessing {benison}.
Books {catechism}| can summarize Christian-sect principles in question-and-answer form.
prayer {invocation, prayer}|.
Prayers can have set phrases from leaders followed by set responses from congregation {litany}|.
religious-service ritual or standard part {liturgy}|.
Texts {offertory, text} can be for offering collection or for bread and wine sharing.
After leader speaks, audience can chant or sing a set phrase {responsory}.
Stories {allegory}| can illustrate moral choices or life styles.
short biographical narrative {anecdote}.
fictional story {canard, story}.
Medieval sermons {exemplum} can have parables.
Animal stories {fable}| can illustrate moral principles.
Medieval satires {fabliau} can be on middle-class life or clergy.
Children's stories {fairy tale} can use animals, magic, and non-existent places or places distant in time or space. Fairy tale often starts with the phrase, "Long ago and far away" Fairy tales seem realistic but add miracle and fantasy.
gender
Often in fairy tales, boys do heroic things, while girls wait for rescue or support boy heroes.
speculation
Perhaps, updated fairy tales can use the phrase "Right now, right here." Updated fairy tales can use magician tricks, quickness, and distraction. For example, invisibility uses dark clothes, has quiet movements, has no smell, and uses tricks to distract or hide. Updated fairy tales can use equal activity levels for boys and girls.
very short story {flash fiction}.
In a setting, a character tells a tale, or a storyteller tells stories {frame tale}. Frame tales include 1001 Nights and Canterbury Tales.
ancient god, hero, and event story {myth}.
story {narrative, writing}.
Stories {parable}| can illustrate morals.
Long anecdotes {shaggy-dog story} can end absurdly or anticlimactically.
Narratives {short story} can have less than 50 pages or less than 15,000 words.
Stories {tale} can emphasize plot.
Stories {tall tale} can have exaggerated events.
sketched story {vignette}.
Speaking has persuasion and correct expression {rhetoric}.
Use sentence parts independently of other sentence parts {absolute construction}.
Stop in mid-sentence and start a new sentence {anacolouthon}.
Refer to earlier word {antecedent, rhetoric}.
Relate subject to verb as action agent or target {diathesis}.
Indicate objects that are not present {displaced speech}.
Attach clause to another clause {hypotaxis} {subordination}.
Use short and simple sentences with no conjunctions {parataxis}.
Answer argument opponent likely will use or place object or event before actual existence {prolepsis}. Hypotheticals, such as "If you do this, then result will be that", are examples.
Start a clause with "if" {hypothetical clause} {protasis, rhetoric}.
Use laughter to stop seriousness, or vice versa {risus sophisticus}.
Show hypothetical or conditional actions or states {subjunctive, rhetoric}.
Allude to the familiar, such as recalling former success or catastrophe {anamnesis, rhetoric}.
Use another's words in new context, with new emphasis or effect {parachresis}.
Quote famous words, with new twists or changes, without identifying them {paradiorthosis}.
Use proverbs in new situations {paroemia}.
Build to a climax, such as using clauses without conjunctions {asyndeton}.
Repeat word or sound in succeeding phrase or clause {climax, rhetoric}.
Use words or phrases arranged from lowest to highest {incrementum}.
Use synonyms {synonymy}.
Contrast an idea with its opposite {antithesis, rhetoric}.
Reverse word order in second clause {chiasmus} {antimitabole}.
Match words in clauses syllable for syllable, with substitutions {comparison, rhetoric}.
Pair opposite suppositions or switch consequent and antecedent {dilemma, rhetoric}.
Show how dissimilar to usual things something is, for emphasis {dissimile}.
Emphasize contrary statements {enatiosis}. It often combines with chiasmus.
Intensify, such as using rhetorical question {erotesis}.
Use frequent rhetorical questions, as if consulting audience {anacoenosis}.
Emphatically reject idea {apodioxis}.
Stop in mid-sentence {aposiopesis}.
Address someone not present or address non-human thing or god as if person {apostrophe, rhetoric}.
Address someone not present to say something against him {ecphoneis} {exclamatio}.
Use logical reasoning incorrectly {affective fallacy}.
Give human characteristics to inanimate objects {pathetic fallacy}|.
Use words, phrases, or passages that represent something else {figurative language}| {figure of speech}.
Deviate from ordinary usage {figure, rhetoric}.
Use one word for whole sentence {holophrasis}.
Use diminutives, pet names, or endearment terms {hypocoristic}.
Words {metaphor, rhetoric} can describe something as if it is something else, compare two things without using connective, or substitute for other words.
examples
Sarcasm, hyperbole, and indirect speech are metaphor examples.
predicates, not subjects
Metaphors express similarities in predicates. Subject, object, or event can be analogy to another subject, object, or event.
relations
Narration uses simple phrases, about one thing. Relation nests and inverts two simple phrases to make complex phrase. Metaphors and models are relations of relations, among three things: topic, analogous topic, and purpose.
types
Metaphor {submerged metaphor} can make implicit comparison. Using two metaphors at once is often confusing {mixed metaphor}. Metaphors {dead metaphor} can no longer have meaning, because time has obscured their references.
Give human attributes to non-human things {personification}.
Use a connective, such as "as", "then", "like", or "seems", followed by a comparison {simile}|.
Use words, phrases, or passages that represent something else {symbol, rhetoric}.
Describe sense data using another sense {synesthesia, rhetoric}.
Use words, phrases, or passages that represent something else {trope, rhetoric}.
State fact in way much greater than real importance, or use exaggerated word for emphasis {hyperbole}| {overstatement}.
Use impossible supposition {hypothesis, rhetoric}.
State facts in ways much lower than real importance {understatement, rhetoric}|.
Say opposite of what is meant {verbal irony, rhetoric} {ironia}.
Say opposite of what is meant {antiphrasis}.
Use labels or epithets, usually ironic, for real names {antonomasia}.
Say it is hard to choose between two bad alternatives {aporia}.
Use exaggerated word, for irony {auxesis}. It uses understatement or overstatement.
Ironically grant permission {epitrope}.
Ironically substitute milder words for harsh ones {euphemism}|. Milder word can replace offensive word.
Assert something by denying opposite {litotes}. It uses understatement.
Use lesser word, for irony {meiosis, rhetoric}. It uses understatement or overstatement.
Combine opposite ideas in epigram-like form or use apparent contradiction or inconsistency for ironic emphasis {oxymoron}|.
Substitute words containing general idea for harsher words, for irony {paradiastole}. It uses substitution.
Say one will not mention something and then say it {apophasis} {paralepsis} {preteritio}.
Use two words, one apt and the other ironic, or one word with double purpose {zeugma}.
Use atypical word order {hyperbaton}.
State one's experience {martyria}.
Remind about previous statements, summarize present state, or indicate future statements {metabasis}.
Imitate others' language {mimesis, rhetoric}.
Make ironic concessions, followed by retorts {synchoresis}.
Change adjective and noun to two nouns connected by "and" {hendiadys}.
Use name of one thing to suggest another related thing, use similar-meaning word, or use metaphor in which associated word substitutes for thing {metonymy}.
Use narrative examples {parabola, rhetoric}.
Personify inanimate object {prosopopeia}.
Use part for whole, whole for part, or material for finished product {synecdoche}.
Repeat phrases at line beginnings {anaphora}.
Invert word order or omit words {anastrophe}.
Change meaning by changing word position {conditioned}.
Match voiced and unvoiced, or aspirate and inaspirate, sounds {correlation, rhetoric}.
Fuse end vowel and initial vowel {crasis}.
Leave out consonant {ecthlipsis}.
Use unaccented word as part of unaccented preceding word {enclisis}.
Use personal pronoun instead of previous noun {epanalepsis}.
Add sound to word without etymological reason {epenthesis}.
Fill hesitations with syllables or words {hesitation-form}.
Pause between two successive vowels {hiatus, rhetoric}.
Pronounce word by spelling and so pronounce it incorrectly {hyperform}.
Use wrong but similar-sounding words {malapropism}|.
Change word order or word sounds {metathesis}.
Change phonemes to change meaning {opposition}.
Pronounce correctly {orthoepy}.
Articulate or pronounce correctly {orthophony}.
Add to word end for easier pronunciation {paragoge}.
Use grammatically incomplete phrases {pendent, rhetoric}.
Combine two words to make a new shortened word {portmanteau word}.
Add vowel or syllable prefix to word {prothesis}.
Play with words that have two meanings or sounds {pun}|, using homonyms.
Use r sound rather than l or s sound {rhotacism}.
Join or use two words to change meaning {sandhi, rhetoric}.
Have irregular or improper grammatical agreement {syllepsis}.
Put words in jumbled orders {synchysis}.
Drop word middles to make contractions {syncope}.
Link two elements with connecting particle {syndesis}.
Make something grammatical by meaning, rather than by grammar or syntax {synesis}.
Use adjective transferred to nearby noun {transferred epithet}.
Works {literature works} include best books and projects.
Books {books} can be for adults.
Charles Dickens wrote A Tale of Two Cities.
James Joyce wrote Ulysses.
Norman Maclean wrote A River Runs Through It.
Marcel Proust wrote In Search of Lost Time or Remembrance of Things Past, including Swann's Way and The Past Recaptured.
Leo Tolstoy wrote War and Peace.
Virginia Woolf wrote To the Lighthouse.
Books {chapter books} can be for young readers.
Louisa May Alcott wrote Little Women.
Carol Ryrie Brink wrote Caddie Woodlawn.
Thorton W. Burgess wrote Reddy Fox.
John Ciardi wrote You Read to Me, I Read to You.
Beverly Cleary wrote Ramona and Her Father and Ramona Quimby Age 8.
Eleanor Coerr wrote Sadako and the Thousand Paper Cranes.
Barbara Cohen wrote Thank You, Jackie Robinson.
Mary Mapes Dodge wrote Hans Brinker or the Silver Skates.
Eleanor Estes wrote The Hundred Dresses.
Astrid Lindgren wrote Pippi Longstocking.
Maud Hart Lovelace wrote Betsy-Tacy.
Patricia MacLachlan wrote Sarah Plain and Tall.
Eleanor Porter wrote Pollyanna.
Mary Rodgers wrote Freaky Friday.
Louis Sachar wrote Sideways Stories.
Books {picture books} can be for non-readers.
Ludwig Bemelmans wrote Madeleine.
Margaret W. Brown wrote The Noisy Book and Color Kittens.
Bennett Cerf wrote Book of Animal Riddles, Book of Laughs, and Book of Riddles.
P. D. Eastman wrote Are You My Mother?
Russell Hoban wrote How Tom Beat Captain Najork and His Hired Sportsmen.
Munro Leaf wrote The Story of Ferdinand.
Arnold Lobel wrote Mouse Tales and Owl at Home.
Betty MacDonald wrote Mrs. Piggle-Wiggle.
James Marshall wrote George and Martha.
Peggy Parish wrote Amelia Bedelia.
Maurice Sendak wrote Outside Over There and Where the Wild Things Are.
Dr. Seuss wrote Horton Hatches the Egg, Horton Hears a Who, and Thidwick the Big-Hearted Moose.
Marjorie Sharmat wrote Nate the Great.
Rosemary Wells wrote Max.
Literature includes nonfiction, children's books, dramas, novels, stories, and poetry. Children's books are chapter books, picture books, and teenage books.
Children's books include chapter books, picture books, and teenage books.
He lived 1628 to 1703.
He lived 1743 to 1818.
Jakob lived 1785 to 1863. Wilhelm lived 1786 to 1859.
He lived 1805 to 1875 and wrote fairy tales.
He lived 1832 to 1898.
She lived 1830 to 1905.
He lived 1826 to 1890.
She lived 1849 to 1924.
He lived 1853 to 1911.
He lived 1856 to 1919.
She lived 1858 to 1924.
She lived 1874 to 1942.
He lived 1859 to 1932.
He lived 1874 to 1965.
She lived 1868 to 1920.
She lived 1881 to 1944.
He lived 1882 to 1956.
She lived 1905 to 2002.
He lived 1898 to 1963. If any thought is valid, eternal self-existent Reason must exist and must be source of imperfect and intermittent rationality. Love can be sexual, brotherly/sisterly, affectionate, or friendly. People have worth.
She lived 1867 to 1957.
She lived 1893 to 1974.
She lived 1899 to 1996.
She lived 1895 to 1981.
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He lived 1892 to 1973.
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She lived 1924 to 2004.
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Laura Bridgman lived 1829 to 1889 and was first deaf and blind child taught.
She lived 1928 to 1974.
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Vera Cleaver lived 1919 to 1992. Bill Cleaver lived ? to 1981.
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He lived 1904 to 1991.
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He lived 1933 to 1987.
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He lived 1943 to ?.
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She lived 1927 to 2003.
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She lived 1954 to ?.
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He lived 1846 to 1886.
She lived 1866 to 1943.
He lived 1907 to 1983.
Piper was pseudonym used by Platt and Munk publishers.
He lived 1899 to 1937.
She lived 1897 to 1958.
He lived 1905 to 1976.
He lived 1892 to 1957.
He lived 1898 to 1962.
He lived 1885 to 1940.
She lived 1909 to 1968.
She lived 1901 to 1979.
He lived 1914 to ?.
He lived 1898 to 1977. Margret Rey lived 1906 to 1996.
She lived 1892 to ?.
She lived 1910 to 1952.
He lived 1916 to 1993.
Betty MacDonald lived 1908 to 1958 and wrote The Egg and I.
Eager lived 1911 to 1964.
He lived 1908 to 1994.
He lived 1926 to ?.
He lived 1912 to 2004.
He lived 1898 to 1971.
He lived 1923 to 2005.
He lived 1909 to 1986.
He lived 1910 to 1999.
He lived 1925 to ?.
He lived 1921 to ?.
He lived 1928 to ?.
He lived 1916 to 1983.
He lived 1924 to 2002.
.
He lived 1907 to 2003.
He lived 1926 to 1993.
She lived 1931 to ?.
She lived 1927 to 1988.
She lived 1928 to ?.
.
She lived 1943 to ?.
He lived 1942 to ?.
He lived 1908 to 1978.
.
He lived 1940 to ?.
She lived 1944 to ?.
.
He lived 1919 to 1994.
.
.
He lived 1905 to 1976.
He lived 1911 to 1993.
She lived 1950 to ?.
Kathleen Peyton lived 1929 to ?. Michael Peyton lived 1933 to ?.
She lived 1932 to ?.
She lived 1934 to ?.
James Collier lived 1928 to ?. Christopher Collier lived 1930 to ?.
He lived 1932 to ?.
He lived 1954 to ?.
He lived 1937 to ?.
She lived 1965 to ?.
She lived 1937 to ?.
He lived -525 to -456 and wrote tragedies. Perhaps, his son Ion wrote Prometheus Bound.
He lived -496 to -406 and wrote tragedies.
He lived -485 to -406 and wrote tragedies.
He lived -448 to -380 and wrote comedies.
He lived -342 to -291.
He lived -254 to -184.
He lived -192 to -158 and was of Scipionic Circle.
Perhaps, he was Petrus Dorlandus [1454 to 1507].
He lived 1562 to 1635 and wrote love and intrigue dramas {capa y espada, Lope de Vega} (cloak and sword).
He lived 1584 to 1616 and worked with John Fletcher.
He lived 1570 to 1632.
He lived 1579 to 1625 and worked with Francis Beaumont.
He lived 1578 to 1635.
He lived 1583 to 1648. Don Juan lived 1571 to 1648.
He lived 1606 to 1684.
He lived 1622 to 1673.
He lived 1639 to 1699.
He lived 1641 to 1715.
He lived 1670 to 1729.
He lived 1678 to 1707.
He lived 1674 to 1762.
She lived 1653 to 1725.
He lived 1697 to 1763.
He lived 1749 to 1832 and wrote about strong emotions {sturm und drang}. He studied color contrast effects {Goethe's shadows} and biology. Living things have repeated parts with similar structures. Leaf is basic plant form, and other plant parts are leaf variations. Skulls evolved from vertebrae.
Metaphysics
Nature is a living whole, a unity manifesting God. All transitory things are but symbols. Things have archetypes or beginning forms {Ur, Goethe}.
He lived 1732 to 1799.
He lived 1751 to 1816.
He lived 1810 to 1857.
He lived 1813 to 1837.
He lived 1809 to 1852.
He lived 1828 to 1906.
He lived 1849 to 1912.
He lived 1860 to 1904 and wrote in Realistic style.
He lived 1855 to 1934.
He lived 1862 to 1949.
He lived 1856 to 1950.
He lived 1868 to 1918 and was Romantic.
He lived 1860 to 1937.
He lived 1868 to 1936.
He lived 1878 to 1957.
He lived 1871 to 1909.
He lived 1882 to 1937.
He lived 1861 to 1941.
He lived 1893 to 1973.
He lived 1882 to 1941.
He lived 1892 to 1927.
He lived 1867 to 1936.
He lived 1893 to 1939.
He lived 1888 to 1953.
He lived 1880 to 1964.
He lived 1862 to 1931.
He lived 1892 to 1982.
He lived 1897 to 1975.
He lived 1899 to 1973.
He lived 1904 to 1961.
He lived 1889 to 1961.
He lived 1906 to 1963.
He lived 1888 to 1959.
He lived 1898 to 1956.
He lived 1882 to 1944.
He lived 1896 to 1955.
He lived 1905 to 1979.
She lived 1905 to 1984.
She lived 1910 to 2003 and wrote in Portuguese.
He lived 1910 to 1987.
She lived 1907 to 1981.
He lived 1911 to 1983.
He lived 1916 to ?.
He lived 1907 to 2004.
He lived 1911 to 1977.
He lived 1892 to 1953.
He lived 1912 to 1999.
He lived 1912 to 1994.
He lived 1915 to 2005.
He lived 1916 to 1982.
He lived 1883 to 1963.
He lived 1906 to 1989 and wrote theater of the absurd.
He lived 1913 to 1973.
He lived 1917 to ?.
He lived 1926 to ?.
He lived 1923 to 1981.
He lived 1921 to 1990.
He lived 1910 to 1986.
She lived 1930 to 1965.
He lived 1894 to 1964.
He lived 1937 to ?.
He lived 1930 to ?.
He lived 1928 to ?.
He lived 1924 to 1995.
He lived 1948 to ?.
He lived 1923 to 1964.
He lived 1930 to ?.
He lived 1931 to ?.
He lived 1934 to ?.
He lived 1929 to 1994.
He lived 1925 to ?.
He lived 1937 to ?.
She lived 1931 to ?.
It is about Egyptian medicine.
He revised previous version [-1600]. Gilgamesh was ruler of Uruk.
18th or 19th Dynasty scrolls used stripped and crossed papyrus reeds.
.
He lived -620 to -560.
He lived -384 to -322.
Literary criticism began.
He lived -300 to -250.
Group included Ovid, Virgil, and Horace.
He lived 27 to 66.
He lived 23 to 79.
He lived 40 to 110.
He lived 55 to 127.
He lived 62 to 115.
He lived 124 to 170.
He lived 717 to 762 and was Tantric Buddhist missionary.
She lived 966 to 1017.
She lived 973 to 1015 or 1025 and was at court.
Nai'an lived 1296 to 1370. Guanzhong lived 1330 to 1400.
He lived 1130 to 1200 and encouraged footbinding and small feet.
He lived 1140 to 1200. Capellanus means Chaplain. At the Countess' request, he described courtly love and its speaking and acting rules in Eleanor of Aquitaine's court. Her daughter was Countess Maria of Troyes [1170 to 1174].
It satirizes upper classes.
He lived 1250 to 1300.
He lived 1262 to 1348. He wrote original Latin version, which is lost. Somebody wrote the Italian version in Tuscany [1400]. Stories about Francis of Assisi say he preached to birds and tamed wolf by his gentleness.
He lived 1330 to 1400.
Tales are about Baghdad court of Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid. Shahyrar, King of India, marries a girl each day and beheads her the next until Scheherazade, his vizier's daughter, begins to tell stories each night, always never revealing climax until next day. After a thousand and one nights, king relents. Stories feature djin and ghuls.
Mas'udi mentions her [944]. The Fihrist [987] says she was in the Hezar Afsan (Thousand Tales) of Princess Homai, Artaxerxes I's daughter.
Private theater clubs used different colored stockings {calze}.
He lived ? to 1481, was se-or de Mexicaltzinco, and was son of Itzcoatl, ruler of Teotlaltzinco.
He lived 1465 to 1541.
He lived 1478 to 1529. Respect and worship of women have rules of conduct.
He lived 1494 to 1553.
Spanish Inquisition banned the first picaresque novel.
It is in Quiché language.
He lived 1503 to 1556. Gentleman has good manners.
They are in Nahuatl. Aztecs [1350] and then Spanish [1430] destroyed most texts of Nahua.
He lived ? to 1593.
He lived 1547 to 1616.
He lived 1506 to 1582.
Lanling Xiaoxiao Sheng is pseudonym for a late-Ming-Dynasty writer.
He lived 1580 to 1645.
He lived 1611 to 1680.
He lived 1613 to 1680.
She lived 1634 to 1693.
He lived 1642 to 1693 and wrote in popular form {ukiyozoshi, Saikaku}.
He lived 1657 to 1757 and wrote essays and operas.
He lived 1645 to 1696.
He lived 1621 to 1695.
First scholarly journal began.
Anne Lefebvre (Dacier) lived 1647 to 1720 and was the first {femme savante}.
He lived 1668 to 1747.
He lived 1715 to 1763.
He lived 1707 to 1793. He wrote operas with Baldassare Galuppi.
He lived 1792 to 1854.
He lived 1720 to 1797 and wrote about travel.
He lived 1741 to 1803.
He lived 1763 to 1825.
He lived 1768 to 1848.
She lived 1766 to 1817.
The Brothers Grimm wrote fairy tales. Jacob lived 1785 to 1863. Wilhelm lived 1786 to 1859.
He lived 1776 to 1822.
He lived 1803 to 1870.
He lived 1770 to 1843.
He lived 1802 to 1885.
He lived 1783 to 1842.
He lived 1802 to 1870.
She lived 1804 to 1876.
He lived 1791 to 1865.
He lived 1799 to 1850 and wrote the Human Comedy series.
He lived 1814 to 1841.
He lived 1809 to 1865 and was anarchist. Property is theft. People are equal. Living and working in small communities or cooperatives is best. For justice and equality, small farmers, integrated through contracts, are better than large landowners.
He lived 1796 to 1877.
He lived 1791 to 1872.
He lived 1824 to 1895.
He lived 1817 to 1875.
He lived 1821 to 1880.
He lived 1812 to 1891.
He lived 1818 to 1883.
He lived 1821 to 1881.
He lived 1828 to 1905.
He lived 1840 to 1897.
He lived 1828 to 1910.
He lived 1854 to 1891.
She lived 1827 to 1901.
He lived 1833 to 1891.
He lived 1824 to 1905.
He lived 1850 to 1893 and was French Realist.
He lived 1840 to 1902 and wrote in Naturalistic style.
He lived 1840 to 1922.
He lived 1844 to 1924.
She lived 1852 to 1921.
He lived 1859 to 1895.
He lived 1848 to 1907 and was Aesthetic and Decadent.
He lived 1850 to 1923.
Mallarmé and Valéry in France and Yeats in England used sounds with associations, not words with meanings.
He lived 1817 to 1888.
He lived 1862 to 1946 and was of German Naturalism.
He lived 1853 to 1938.
English Aesthetic Movement and French Decadence included Fin de siècle.
He lived 1839 to 1908.
He lived 1863 to 1879.
He lived 1870 to 1925.
He lived 1864 to 1918.
He lived 1857 to 1935. He invented equations {rocket equation} [1903] that calculate fuel mass to incrementally increase rocket speed {delta-v} and exhaust velocity.
He lived 1866 to 1936.
He lived 1846 to 1916.
He lived 1867 to 1928.
He lived 1863 to 1938. He taught actors to interpret role subjectively {method acting}, rather use stylizations. He cofounded, with Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, the Moscow Art Theater [1898].
Group included Grazia Deledda.
He lived 1866 to 1909.
He lived 1875 to 1955.
She lived 1875 to 1936 and wrote in Verismo style.
He lived 1869 to 1951.
He lived 1874 to 1929.
He lived 1879 to 1956, was Basque, and was of Generation of '98.
He lived 1871 to 1950.
She lived 1865 to 1947.
He lived 1869 to 1954.
He lived 1873 to 1952.
He lived 1880 to 1934.
Joaquin lived 1873 to 1944. Serafin lived 1871 to 1938.
He lived 1886 to 1965.
He lived 1881 to 1947.
He lived 1890 to 1945.
He lived 1873 to 1914.
He lived 1886 to 1914.
He lived 1883 to 1924.
He lived 1871 to 1922.
He lived 1884 to 1963.
He lived 1859 to 1916.
He lived 1892 to 1938.
He lived 1877 to 1962.
He lived 1885 to 1967.
He lived 1890 to 1938.
She lived 1863 to 1954.
It had intense emotions and perceptions and included Yasunari Kawabata [1899 to 1972].
He lived 1895 to 1998.
He lived 1892 to 1997.
He lived 1881 to 1936.
He lived 1894 to 1959.
He lived 1883 to 1957.
He lived 1870 to 1919.
He lived 1873 to 1967 and founded the Generation of '98.
He lived 1881 to 1958.
He lived 1883 to 1931.
He lived 1895 to 1952 and was Surrealist.
He lived 1895 to 1958.
He lived 1878 to 1952.
He lived 1890 to 1969.
He lived 1891 to 1940.
He lived 1885 to 1970.
He lived 1899 to 1972 and was Neosensualist.
He lived 1887 to 1968.
He lived 1902 to 1967.
He lived 1901 to 1963.
He lived 1898 to 1970.
He lived 1887 to 1945 and co-founded the Group of Avant-Garde Artists.
He lived 1907 to 1990.
She lived 1903 to 1977.
He lived 1891 to 1967.
He lived 1900 to 1978.
He lived 1909 to 1948.
He lived 1894 to 1961.
He lived 1901 to 1976.
He lived 1905 to 1984.
He lived 1895 to 1966.
She lived 1885 to 1962.
He lived 1903 to 1982.
He lived 1909 to 1967.
He lived 1888 to 1948.
He lived 1880 to 1936.
He lived 1866 to 1944.
He lived 1903 to 1951.
He lived 1899 to 1977.
He lived 1911 to 1992.
He lived 1905 to 1983 and studied creativity.
He lived 1908 to 1966.
He lived 1889 to 1986.
He lived 1916 to 2002.
He lived 1880 to 1942.
He lived 1913 to 1960 and was Existentialist. People need justice and reason, but world does not have those concepts, leading to conflict {absurdity, Camus}.
She lived 1929 to 1945.
He lived 1900 to 1944.
He lived 1921 to 2004.
She lived 1908 to 1986 and was Existentialist. She compared female to "Other" or perceived, rather than male perceiver. She examined girl, woman, prostitute, and wife roles.
Ethics
Girls become women and so bear responsibility for choosing security over action. However, situations constrain what people can do. People can change or control lives and surroundings, or not. Significant constraints are effects on others.
He lived 1892 to 1975.
He lived 1886 to 1951.
He lived 1905 to 1997. "The angels are lost in perpetual contemplation of an infinite glory." "When we form a clear and precise idea of an emotion, the emotion ceases to exist."
He lived 1899 to 1972 and used neosensualism style.
He lived 1895 to 1974.
He lived 1913 to 1991.
She lived 1882 to 1947.
He lived 1923 to 1985.
He lived 1916 to 1992.
He lived 1925 to 1970.
He lived 1891 to 1974.
He lived 1895 to 1979.
He lived 1926 to 1990.
She lived 1903 to 1987.
He lived 1921 to ?.
She lived 1917 to ?.
He lived 1928 to 2000.
He lived 1917 to 2003.
He lived 1927 to ? and wrote in Marathi.
He lived 1935 to 2004.
He lived 1923 to ?.
He lived 1896 to 1966.
He lived 1934 to ?.
He lived 1928 to ? and wrote the Night trilogy.
He lived 1897 to 1982.
He lived 1908 to 1967.
He lived 1914 to 1980.
He lived 1911 to 1991.
He lived 1890 to 1960.
He lived 1922 to ?.
He lived 1914 to 1998.
He lived 1911 to 1995.
He lived 1930 to ?.
He lived 1917 to 1985.
He lived 1928 to ?.
He lived 1927 to ?.
She lived 1900 to 1999.
He lived 1906 to 2001.
He lived 1905 to 1975.
He lived 1918 to ?.
He lived 1902 to 1982.
She lived 1907 to 1998.
He lived 1933 to 1991.
He lived 1924 to ?.
He lived 1912 to 2001.
He lived 1859 to 1952.
He lived 1914 to 1989.
He lived 1896 to 1972.
He lived 1934 to 1984.
She lived 1937 to ?.
She lived 1942 to ?.
He lived 1931 to ?.
She lived 1950 to ?.
He lived 1933 to ?.
It is about Arthurian times and is in Middle English.
He lived 1332 to 1387.
He lived 1567 to 1601.
He lived 1580 to 1627.
He lived 1605 to 1682.
He lived 1593 to 1683.
He lived 1628 to 1688.
Group included Alexander Pope, John Dryden, Richard Steele, Jonathan Swift, and Joseph Addison, who tried to imitate Horace and Virgil.
He lived 1672 to 1729.
He lived 1672 to 1719.
He lived 1660 to 1731.
He lived 1694 to 1773.
He lived 1667 to 1745.
He lived 1689 to 1761.
He lived 1717 to 1779.
He lived 1701 to 1754. The highest pleasure that people can enjoy in conversation is to be with persons whose understanding is equal with their own.
He lived 1721 to 1771.
Ladies joined learning societies.
He lived 1717 to 1797.
He lived 1713 to 1768.
She lived 1759 to 1797.
He lived 1775 to 1818.
He lived 1778 to 1830.
He lived 1775 to 1834.
She lived 1775 to 1817.
He lived 1785 to 1859.
He lived 1785 to 1866.
He lived 1803 to 1873.
He lived 1780 to 1849.
He lived 1812 to 1870.
He lived 1819 to 1900 and praised Arts and Crafts movement [1880 to 1900].
She lived 1816 to 1855.
She lived 1818 to 1848.
He lived 1811 to 1863.
He lived 1779 to 1869.
He lived 1815 to 1882.
He lived 1828 to 1909.
She lived 1819 to 1880.
He lived 1801 to 1890. People need well-rounded liberal education, to know things and see relations between things.
He lived 1824 to 1889.
He lived 1825 to 1900.
Art is for art's sake. Aesthetic Movement included Fin de Siècle.
He lived 1835 to 1902.
He lived 1839 to 1894 and was in Aesthetic Movement.
He lived 1840 to 1928.
He lived 1859 to 1930 and wrote stories about detective Sherlock Holmes and his assistant Dr. Watson.
He lived 1854 to 1900 and was in Aesthetic Movement.
He lived 1866 to 1946.
He lived 1872 to 1956.
He lived 1847 to 1912.
He lived 1857 to 1924.
He lived 1843 to 1901.
He lived 1841 to 1922.
He lived 1870 to 1916.
Group included Virginia Woolf.
He lived 1879 to 1970.
He lived 1874 to 1936. People achieve happiness by their decisions as agents motivated by values {distributism, Chesterton}, so people must have private ownership and personal liberty. Distributism is communitarianism against capitalism and socialism.
He lived 1873 to 1939.
She lived 1882 to 1941 and was of Bloomsbury Group.
He lived 1874 to 1965.
He lived 1867 to 1933.
She lived 1888 to 1923.
She lived 1892 to 1962.
He lived 1894 to 1963.
He lived 1900 to 1991.
He lived 1880 to 1932.
He lived 1895 to 1985.
She lived 1890 to 1976.
He lived 1904 to 1977.
He lived 1905 to 1987.
He lived 1899 to 1966.
She lived 1907 to 1989.
He lived 1904 to 1986 and wrote Berlin Stories.
He lived 1880 to 1957.
He lived 1905 to 1980.
He lived 1904 to 1991.
He lived 1907 to 1983.
He lived 1900 to 1954.
He lived 1888 to 1957.
He lived 1903 to 1950.
He lived 1894 to 1984.
He lived 1903 to 1988.
Group included Alan Sillitoe, John Braine, John Osborne, Colin Wilson, John Wain, and Kingsley Amis.
He lived 1885 to 1965.
She lived 1893 to 1967.
He lived 1922 to 1986.
He lived 1908 to 1964 and wrote about James Bond.
He lived 1899 to 1960.
He lived 1912 to 1990.
He lived 1906 to 1964.
She lived 1939 to ?.
He lived 1928 to ?.
He lived 1933 to ?.
He lived 1932 to ?.
He lived 1917 to ?.
She lived 1905 to 1983.
She lived 1919 to ?.
He lived 1912 to 1976.
He lived 1900 to 1976.
She lived 1939 to ?.
She lived 1894 to 1979.
She lived 1924 to ?.
She lived 1919 to 1999 and was Platonist. Moral beliefs and judgments are true or false. Moral properties and values exist {moral realism}.
She lived 1939 to ?.
He lived 1783 to 1859.
He lived 1789 to 1851.
He lived 1758 to 1843 and wrote dictionary.
He lived 1811 to 1872 and founded new York Tribune, which advocated high tariffs, social reforms, peace, and amnesty for the South. He later helped form the Liberal Republican Party, against Grant, for civil service reform and just reconstruction. Greeley said, "Go west, young man".
It emphasized direct communication with God and Nature and included Emerson and Thoreau.
He lived 1800 to 1873.
He lived 1804 to 1864.
He lived 1815 to 1882.
He lived 1818 to 1895.
He lived 1817 to 1862 and was New England Transcendentalist.
He lived 1833 to 1893.
He lived 1819 to 1891.
She lived 1811 to 1896.
He lived 1820 to 1905.
Writers used regional scenery, customs, and dialect {Local Color Movement}. Bret Harte started it.
She lived 1832 to 1888.
He lived 1832 to 1898 and wrote novels {Horatio Alger story} in which young man overcomes adversity and succeeds.
He lived 1835 to 1910.
He lived 1836 to 1902.
He lived 1837 to 1902.
She lived 1849 to 1909.
He lived 1843 to 1916.
He lived 1838 to 1918.
He lived 1847 to 1911.
She lived 1830 to 1885.
He lived 1837 to 1920.
He lived 1850 to 1898.
He lived 1863 to 1951 and wanted war with Spain, opposed World War I and international dealings, and specialized in sensationalism and scandal {muckraking} {yellow journalism}.
He lived 1860 to 1940.
He lived 1827 to 1905.
He lived 1871 to 1900.
He lived 1870 to 1902.
He lived 1869 to 1946.
He lived 1860 to 1938.
She lived 1880 to 1968.
She lived 1856 to 1923.
He lived 1876 to 1916.
He lived 1862 to 1910.
He lived 1866 to 1936.
He lived 1878 to 1968.
He lived 1848 to 1908.
He lived 1872 to 1939 and wrote western stories.
Common speech can detail visual experience in free verse. It included Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.
He lived 1875 to 1960.
He lived 1885 to 1933.
He lived 1878 to 1937.
He lived 1879 to 1935.
He lived 1879 to 1958.
He lived 1869 to 1946.
He lived 1876 to 1941.
He lived 1896 to 1940.
He lived 1885 to 1951.
He lived 1889 to 1945.
She lived 1862 to 1960.
He lived 1885 to 1957.
He lived 1876 to 1931.
She lived 1885 to 1968.
He lived 1871 to 1945.
He lived 1880 to 1956 and edited American Mercury magazine.
He lived 1899 to 1961.
He lived 1903 to 1966.
He lived 1900 to 1938.
He lived 1897 to 1962.
He lived 1894 to 1961.
He lived 1894 to 1961.
She lived 1893 to 1967.
She lived 1890 to 1980.
He lived 1890 to 1954.
She lived 1890 to 1973.
He lived 1884 to 1946.
He lived 1903 to 1987.
He lived 1889 to 1949.
He lived 1903 to 1940.
He lived 1902 to 1968.
He lived 1889 to 1970 and wrote Perry Mason detective novels.
He lived 1908 to 1981.
He lived 1891 to 1980.
She lived 1873 to 1947.
He lived 1874 to 1935.
He lived 1905 to 1970.
He lived 1903 to 1998.
He lived 1909 to 1955.
Nordhoff lived 1887 to 1947.
He lived 1904 to 1979.
She lived 1862 to 1937.
She lived 1900 to 1949.
She lived 1879 to 1958.
He lived 1908 to 1960.
He lived 1867 to 1936.
He lived 1914 to ?.
She lived 1899 to 1989.
She lived 1901 to 1979.
He lived 1902 to 1971.
He lived 1900 to 1945.
She lived 1905 to 1982.
He lived 1907 to 1976.
He lived 1914 to 1993.
He lived 1877 to 1951.
She lived 1897 to 1966.
She lived 1907 to 1984.
He lived 1905 to 1982.
He lived 1905 to 1989.
She lived 1909 to 2001.
He lived 1887 to 1943.
She lived 1917 to 1967.
He lived 1842 to 1914.
He lived 1904 to 1979.
He lived 1901 to 1991.
He lived 1907 to 1997.
He lived 1923 to ?.
He lived 1909 to 1981.
He lived 1893 to 1960.
He lived 1921 to 1977.
He lived 1919 to ?.
He lived 1915 to ?.
He lived 1914 to ?.
She lived 1908 to 1974 and wrote about etiquette.
She lived 1912 to 1989.
He lived 1910 to 1991.
He lived 1890 to 1968.
He lived 1924 to 1987.
He lived 1915 to 2005.
He lived 1903 to 1967.
He lived 1895 to 1972.
He lived 1918 to 1968.
He lived 1910 to 1993.
He lived 1914 to 1997.
He lived 1922 to ?.
She lived 1906 to 2001.
She lived 1925 to 1964.
He lived 1925 to ?.
He lived 1922 to ?.
He lived 1912 to 1982.
He lived 1909 to 1971.
He lived 1903 to 1978.
He lived 1922 to 1987.
He lived 1910 to 1998 and was photographer.
She lived 1900 to 1985.
He lived 1913 to 1984.
He lived 1918 to 1965.
He lived 1912 to ?.
He lived 1924 to 1984.
He lived 1928 to ?.
He lived 1926 to 2001.
He lived 1923 to ?.
He lived 1933 to ?.
He lived 1917 to 1998.
He lived 1902 to 1999.
She lived 1926 to ?.
He lived 1930 to ?.
He lived 1932 to ?.
She lived 1918 to ?.
He lived 1903 to 1989.
He lived 1923 to 1999.
He lived 1904 to 1991.
He lived 1935 to 2001.
He lived 1926 to ?.
He lived 1896 to 1970.
He lived 1856 to 1931.
He lived 1934 to ?.
He lived 1937 to ?.
He lived 1935 to 1998.
She lived 1911 to ?.
He lived 1928 to 2004.
He lived 1907 to 1987.
He lived 1905 to 1975.
He lived 1921 to 1992.
He lived 1913 to 1996.
He lived 1914 to 1986.
She lived 1928 to ?.
He lived 1920 to ?.
He lived 1923 to 1997.
He lived 1935 to ?.
He lived 1917 to ?.
He lived 1908 to 1988.
He lived 1922 to ?.
She lived 1915 to 1979.
She lived 1931 to ?.
He lived 1902 to 1990.
Bible poets include King David, who wrote most psalms.
He lived -900 to -850 and described ancient Greek laws. George Chapman translated [1611 to 1616].
He lived 730 to ? and was from Boeotia.
She lived -610 to -570 and was lyric poet.
He was lyric and gnomic poet.
He lived -560 to -525 and was first known tragic actor, who spoke his own verse as character in festival.
He lived -563 to -478 and wrote poetry about wine and women {anacreonic poetry, Anacreon}. Thomas Moore translated the Odes [1801].
He lived -518 to -438, was from Boeotia, and wrote odes for chorus {epinicia, Pindar}, which celebrated victories at Pythian, Olympic, Isthmian, and Nemean games.
He lived -84 to -54 and wrote poems about personal life {carmina, Catullus}.
He lived -70 to -19.
He lived -65 to -8.
He lived -43 to 17.
He lived -15 to 50 and translated Aesop's Fables into poetry.
He lived 34 to 62.
Legendary poet wrote in Gaelic.
He lived 353 to 420.
He lived 365 to 427.
Bidpai means wise man or court scholar in Sanskrit.
Troubadours sang Ghasideh poems {ravi}.
He lived 586 to 636, during the Sassanid Empire, in Khosrow Perviz's court [590 to 628]. He created a musical system with seven khosravani modes. Bamshad was another Sassanid surud song composer.
He lived ? to 680 and wrote hymns.
Poem is in Old English. King Beowulf kills the monster Grendel and angers its giant serpent-like mother.
He lived 701 to 762 and was Taoist.
He lived 712 to 770.
He lived 756 to 815 and wrote drinking songs {khamriyyat, Navass} and funny love lyrics {mudhakkarat, Navass} {mujuniyyat, Navass}.
He lived 772 to 846. Pipa is Chinese lute.
The army killed Yang Guifei and her cousin Yang Guozhong, because it thought Yangs caused the Rebellion of Anshi. The Four Beauties are Xi Shi [-700 to -600] of Spring and Autumn Period, Wang Zhaojun [-100 to 1] of Western Han Dynasty, Diao Chan [200 to 300] of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and Yang Guifei [719 to 756] of Tang Dynasty.
He lived 766 to 830.
He lived 803 to 852.
He lived 805 to 845.
He lived 813 to 858 and wrote in five-character regular verse.
He lived 820 to 897.
Poem includes Völuspá or The Vision of the Seeress and Hávamál or The Speech of the High One.
Poetry is about nobles, love, or events, is syllabic, and uses kenning.
Sirkan is in Baluchestan in southeast Iran.
He lived 858 to 922.
He lived 865 to 955.
Zen Buddhist lived 872 to 945 and wrote tanka.
He lived 858 to 941 and wrote bayt.
He lived 915 to 965.
He lived 932 to 1025.
He lived 934 to 1019. Poetic forms {bayt} can have two sentences.
Zen Buddhist lived 966 to 1041 and wrote Japanese waka poems.
He lived 1020 to 1070 and wrote in Kabbalah mystic style.
He lived 1004 to 1072.
.
He lived 1037 to 1101, founded the Haofang School, and wrote poetic satires {fu}, late-Han and early-Tang dynasty classical poetry {shi}, and formal lyrical poems {ci}.
He lived 1048 to 1123 and invented new Persian calendar.
Poem was French song of deeds {chanson de geste, poem}.
He lived 1054 to 1122.
It is oldest cantar de gesta, and Per Abbat recorded it [1142].
She lived 1084 to 1151.
He lived 1067 to 1148.
He lived 1075 to 1141. Franz Rosenzweig, who also translated the Old Testament into German from Hebrew, translated his work into German [1886 to 1929].
He lived 1092 to 1167, wrote masnavi and ghazal, and was Sufi. Lust, greed, and emotional excitement stand between humans and divine knowledge. Love and social conscience are religion foundations.
He lived 1092 to 1167.
He lived 1126 to 1190.
Icelandic sagas are about Iceland from 870 to 1050.
He used lyrics about wine and women in made-up Latin {Goliardic verse, Golias}. Golias Episcopus or Bishop Golias was fictional. Perhaps, Primas and Archipoeta or The Archpoet were fictional.
He lived 1135 to 1190.
He lived 1141 to 1202.
It translated into English by Richard Burton [1885].
He lived 1145 to 1221. Collective human souls are God or the divine.
She lived 1174 to 1204.
Troubadour poems began.
She was a troubadour.
It is about Gísli Súrsson, who killed his brother-in-law [960].
Knight accidentally kills Charlot, supposed son of Charlemagne, and must perform difficult tasks. Perhaps, Charlot was Charles l'Enfant, Charles the Bald's son, who died in 866.
He lived ? to 1210.
He lived 1178 to 1241.
Perhaps, Snorri Sturluson [1179 to 1241] wrote it.
Poem has alternating verse and prose {chantefable, Aucassin et Nicolette}.
It is about Iceland from 930 and 1020.
He lived 1215 to 1278.
He lived 1207 to 1273, wrote in Farsi, and was Sufi. His father was Bahauddin Walad, professor who wrote Maarif, or mystic visions. Sayyid Burhaneddin, his father's friend and from Balkh, taught him after his father died, when he was 24 through 33. Rumi became Sufi-community sheikh at Konya. At age 37, he met Shams of Tabriz, Iran, mystic, who left after two days but was brought back and then disappeared. EPISTEMOLOGY: Knowledge of objective truth, or God, develops through love and self-knowledge. Physical and emotional stimuli prevent people from higher perceptions. Addiction to vice or virtue is idolatry and prevents higher perception {veiling}. Teaching people to hate evil and to covet sanctity teaches hatred and covetousness, not goodness or holiness. Conventional religious systems are secondary, imitative, and limited. However, teacher can help people reach higher perceptions, because ordinary people cannot evaluate the mystical masters. Sufi knowledge involves escaping from familiar dimensions.
It is about the Laxárdalur clan.
It is about the Volsung clan and Giuking or Niflung or Nibelung clan of Germany and Burgundy and has Sigurd and Brynhild.
He lived 1214 to 1284 and was nephew of Snorri Sturluson.
He lived 1210 to 1290 and was Sufi.
Knytlinga are descendants of Knut or Canute.
He lived 1240 to 1305 and wrote satires.
He lived 1253 to 1325 and wrote masnavi.
He lived 1265 to 1321, was White Guelf, and wrote Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and European language studies.
It is about the Sturlungs clan and Icelandic history [1117 to 1262].
Perhaps, it is about when someone must bring Scottish princess home from Norway [1290].
It is oldest known round.
It was last Icelandic saga.
He lived 1304 to 1374, was Stoic, had ethics based on emotion, and wrote language studies.
He lived 1313 to 1375.
He lived 1324 to 1389.
He lived 1343 to 1400.
He lived 1414 to 1492 and was of naqshbandiyya or Designers School of Sufism.
He lived 1431 to 1463 and wrote lyric poems.
He lived 1405 to 1471.
Desdemona sings it in Othello.
Someone poisons him.
He lived 1460 to 1529.
He lived 1474 to 1533.
He lived 1503 to 1566.
She lived 1524 to 1566 and was of the Lyons School of Humanist poets, which used the Petrarchan sonnet.
He lived 1532 to 1610 and wrote in Arabic.
He lived 1544 to 1595.
He lived 1552 to 1599.
He lived 1564 to 1593.
He lived 1533 to 1595.
He lived 1564 to 1616.
He lived 1554 to 1586.
He lived 1567 to 1620 and wrote lute lyrics.
He lived 1559 to 1634 and translated Homer.
John Donne, George Herbert, Andrew Marvell, Thomas Traherne, Henry Vaughan, Thomas Carew, Abraham Cowley, Richard Crashaw, Edward Herbert, Richard Lovelace, and John Suckling used colloquial and metaphorical verse in irregular meter. Samuel Johnson identified them in The Lives of the Poets [1744].
He lived 1572 to 1637.
He lived 1591 to 1674.
He lived 1572 to 1631.
He lived 1588 to 1667.
He lived 1569 to 1625 and wrote in florid marinismo style.
Group included Herrick, Suckling, Carew, and Lovelace.
He lived 1608 to 1674.
He lived 1609 to 1642.
He lived 1621 to 1678.
He lived 1613 to 1649.
He lived 1618 to 1657.
She lived 1612 to 1672.
He lived 1622 to 1695.
She lived 1638 to 1702.
He lived 1631 to 1700.
Zen Buddhist lived 1643 to 1694 and wrote haiku.
He lived 1688 to 1744.
He lived 1700 to 1748.
He lived 1685 to 1732.
He lived 1721 to 1759.
Ir used melancholy style associated with old places. Group included William Collins, William Cowper, Thomas Gray, James Macpherson, and James Thomson.
He lived 1716 to 1771 and was of the Graveyard School.
He lived 1736 to 1796.
He lived 1728 to 1774.
Zen Buddhist lived 1716 to 1783, wrote haiku, and painted.
He lived ? to 1783 and was at the School of Moshtaq.
He lived 1731 to 1800.
Zen Buddhist lived 1758 to 1831 and wrote haiku.
He lived 1759 to 1805.
Aesthetics
Beauty is freedom in phenomenal appearance. It is not subject to concepts, understanding, or related phenomena. It has no known cause and makes cause meaningless. It is not about ethics, because it does not relate to duty. It is play. It involves no want or need, and so no will. It can create state in which sensuous and moral natures harmonize. Art silences natural will, allowing moral will to work.
Politics
Man started in instinctive state, following moral laws, because sensuous and moral natures were yet to come to consciousness. History and poetry evolved together. In first state, naive poetry was about unity with nature, was realistic, and used author-narrator. Middle states are sentimental and are about personal reflection, appeals to nature, and poet as subject. In final state, moral law will reunite with will.
He lived 1759 to 1796.
He lived 1752 to 1832 and was American-Revolution poet.
He lived 1757 to 1827.
She lived 1764 to 1823.
He lived 1774 to 1843 and was Lake Poet.
He lived 1770 to 1850.
He lived 1772 to 1834.
He lived 1765 to 1820 and wrote in Nom {chu nom} {nom script} ideograph script.
Ho^` Xua^n Hu'o'ng lived 1775 to 1820 and wrote in Nom (No^m) ideograph script.
Zen Buddhist lived 1763 to 1827 and wrote haiku.
He lived 1779 to 1852.
He lived 1771 to 1832.
He lived 1754 to 1832.
He lived 1788 to 1824.
He lived 1794 to 1878.
He lived 1795 to 1821.
He lived 1792 to 1822.
He lived 1799 to 1837.
He lived 1790 to 1869.
He lived 1797 to 1856.
He lived 1779 to 1863.
He lived 1798 to 1855 and was nationalist.
He lived 1803 to 1882.
He lived 1799 to 1845.
He lived 1809 to 1894.
He lived 1809 to 1849.
He lived 1807 to 1892.
He lived 1809 to 1892.
He lived 1811 to 1872 and was in Aesthetic Movement.
He lived 1812 to 1889.
He lived 1784 to 1859.
He lived 1807 to 1882.
He lived 1807 to 1853.
He lived 1800 to 1859.
She lived 1806 to 1861.
He lived 1812 to 1888 and wrote limericks and nonsense verse.
He lived 1819 to 1861.
He lived 1819 to 1891.
He lived 1804 to 1869.
He lived 1822 to 1888. People need liberal education, to know what is and what is best.
He lived 1819 to 1892.
He lived 1821 to 1867.
He lived 1809 to 1883 and rhymed stanza first, second, and fourth lines {FitzGerald stanza}.
She lived 1830 to 1886.
She lived 1830 to 1894.
She lived 1819 to 1910.
He lived 1837 to 1909.
He lived 1844 to 1896.
He lived 1842 to 1881.
He lived 1849 to 1903.
He lived 1844 to 1889.
He lived 1850 to 1894.
He lived 1849 to 1916.
He lived 1828 to 1882 and was painter.
He lived 1870 to 1953.
She lived 1849 to 1887.
He lived 1850 to 1895.
He lived 1863 to 1933.
He lived 1865 to 1936.
He lived 1872 to 1906.
He lived 1859 to 1907.
He lived 1865 to 1939 and was Symbolist.
He lived 1859 to 1936.
He lived 1867 to 1916 and began modernismo in Latin America [1899].
He lived 1871 to 1945 and was Symbolist.
He lived 1842 to 1898 and was Symbolist.
He lived 1869 to 1935.
He lived 1875 to 1926.
He lived 1858 to 1911.
He lived 1852 to 1940.
He lived 1878 to 1967.
He lived 1881 to 1958. Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío influenced him.
He lived 1880 to 1958.
He lived 1880 to 1918.
He lived 1874 to 1925.
He lived 1873 to 1953.
She lived 1874 to 1925 and was Imagist.
She lived 1889 to 1966.
He lived 1885 to 1930.
He lived 1879 to 1931.
He lived 1887 to 1915.
He lived 1893 to 1918.
He lived 1885 to 1972 and was Imagist.
She lived 1874 to 1946.
She lived 1889 to 1957.
He lived 1868 to 1950.
He lived 1872 to 1918.
He lived 1874 to 1963.
She lived 1884 to 1933.
He lived 1878 to 1967.
She lived 1892 to 1950.
He lived 1886 to 1967.
She lived 1887 to 1972.
He lived 1893 to 1948. Poets are word magicians {creacionismo, Huidobro}.
He lived 1888 to 1965.
He lived 1868 to 1955.
He lived 1889 to 1973.
He lived 1898 to 1936. He wrote gypsy deep song {cante jondo, Lorca}.
He lived 1894 to 1962.
He lived 1904 to 1973.
He lived 1892 to 1971.
He lived 1899 to 1979.
He lived 1887 to 1962.
He lived 1902 to 1967.
He lived 1871 to 1938.
He lived 1909 to 1991.
He lived 1898 to 1943.
She lived 1887 to 1964.
He lived 1899 to 1932.
He lived 1907 to 1973.
He lived 1914 to 1953.
He lived 1928 to 1978.
He lived 1901 to 1968.
He lived 1904 to 2005.
He lived 1902 to 1971 and wrote limericks.
He lived 1909 to 1995.
He lived 1914 to ? and wrote in colloquial language about common life {antipoetry, Parra}.
He lived 1879 to 1955.
She lived 1912 to 1995 and wrote about lesbianism starting 1974.
He lived 1911 to 1972.
He lived 1913 to 2000.
She lived 1905 to 1978.
He lived 1913 to 1980.
He lived 1864 to 1950. New Criticism is only about actual words, not about author, emotional reactions, historical perspectives, philosophies, or literary forms.
He lived 1870 to 1953. People achieve happiness by their decisions as agents motivated by values {distributism, Belloc}, so people must have private ownership and personal liberty. Distributism is communitarianism against capitalism and socialism.
He lived 1921 to ?.
He lived 1922 to 1985.
He lived 1922 to 1995.
He lived 1908 to 1950.
Beatnik poets {Beat Generation} included Alan Ginsburg.
He lived 1881 to 1972.
He lived 1908 to 1963.
He lived 1919 to 2001.
He lived 1926 to 1997.
He lived 1933 to ?.
He lived 1926 to ?.
She lived 1932 to 1963.
He lived 1934 to ?.
He lived 1894 to 1972.
He lived 1916 to 1986.
He lived 1917 to 1977.
He lived 1919 to ?.
He lived 1933 to ?.
He lived 1930 to ?.
She lived 1928 to ?.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225