Altamira Cave is in Monte Vispieres.
Addaura Cave is in Monte Pellegrino. Niscemi's Cave is nearby.
Aborigines painted natural and abstract designs {pictograph}|, using red ochre on rocks.
Lascaux Cave is in Dordogne region in southwest France.
La Magdelaine Cave is in Tarn region.
Sumerian tomb paintings had overlapping figures and 3/4 views.
Minoan palaces had wall paintings of realistic scenes, with smooth lines and curves. Early Minoan art and Greek art filled all spaces.
It was in Hagia Triada palace with Chieftain Cup. Hagia Triada is in south-central Crete.
Egyptian New Kingdom tomb paintings and reliefs showed landscapes and everyday life.
Assyrian painting had nomadic style and featured animal paintings.
Etruscan tombs had painted murals.
Greek Archaic vase painting had scenes from mythology and everyday life and used strong outlines filled with opaque flat colors.
Greek Archaic wall paintings {mural} had scenes from mythology and everyday life and used strong outlines filled with opaque flat colors.
He decorated amphora.
He painted black figures and then red figures.
In Greek Classical painting, white backgrounds, body-part foreshortening, and thicker or thinner outlines {contour, Greek painting} caused appearance of depth and three dimensions. Lekythio oil jugs can have paintings.
Battle of Issus [-333] matched Alexander the Great and Darius III. Pompeii is near Naples in Campania.
Roman wall paintings in Pompeii and Herculaneum had odd perspectives, diffuse lighting, and hazy atmosphere. Pompeii is near Naples in Campania.
Thin bleached parchment replaced papyrus rolls. Books {codex}| had vellum sheets bound at one side.
Later Han-Dynasty painters used black ink on paper to paint scenery and landscapes.
Roman painted portraits used encaustic.
Early Christian paintings in Roman catacombs had aureole haloes around heads and Christian symbols.
Dura-Europus was in desert near Palmyra.
Constantine-Style painted books began.
It has Aeneid and Georgics.
Theodosius the Great commissioned it.
Ajanta is in Maharashtra in north India.
Constantine Style painting sequences showed different time stages {continuous narration}.
Pope Nicholas IV rebuilt it and restored mosaics [1671].
Byzantine mosaics in San Vitale (Saint Vitalis) church show tall, slim figures with small faces, narrow straight noses, and dark staring eyes, under curved brows with passive bodies.
Byzantine sacred pictures {icon painting} conformed to strict rules.
Islamic mosaics used geometric and symmetric patterns.
Monks illustrated them. Lindisfarne Island is in Northumbria in northeast England.
Monks at Lindisfarne Island, in Northumbria in northeast England, illustrated it. Monastery is at Echternach. Willibrord lived 658 to 739 and was missionary from Northumbria to Frisians in Netherlands.
Zen Buddhist lived 698 to 759, in T'ang Dynasty. He affected later Southern school of Chinese landscape art.
Zen Buddhist lived 700 to 760, in T'ang Dynasty.
Islamic calligraphy began with Koran production.
Islamic cursive calligraphy had six hands or styles {aqlam al-sitta} used in Iran before ta'liq style: Naskh, Thuluth, Muhaqqaq, Rihani, Tauqi, and Riqa.
Naskh is regular and balanced. Seljuks in Iran used Naskh for correspondence and literature. Ibn Muqla [? to 939] of Shiraz applied rules to existing naskh. Letters fit into a circle whose vertical diameter represented the alef letter. Calligraphers measured lines by dots. Ahmad-i Nayrizi and Ibn al-Bawwab [? to 1022] wrote proportioned naskh scripts. Mirza Ahmad Nayrizi [1800 to 1850] used naskh.
Thuluth is an impressive script used mosque, monument, and plaque titles. Rounded letters can intersect above and below lines. Imamzadeh Mahruq used thuluth. The Safavid calligrapher Ali Reza Abbasi used thuluth in Isfahan and Mashhad mosques. Muhaqqaq is narrower than thuluth. Rihani is like muhaqqaq, but smaller. Riqa is a small script used in documents.
Ta'liq and nasta'liq appeared in Iran in 14th century and dominated in 15th and 16th centuries. Ta'liq has short thin verticals and broad horizontals. In 14th century, Mir Ali Tabrizi developed nasta'liq from ta'liq for poetry.
Sayyid Shafua of Herat changed nasta'liq to shikastah (broken script) in 17th century. Shikastah fills spaces between words and sentences.
Charlemagne commissioned it after he marched to meet Pope Adrian I.
It has the four Gospels and Eusebian Canons, in which Eusebius cross-referenced the Gospels.
During Sung Dynasty, landscape artists chiseled flat wood-block woodcuts, inked them, and pressed them to paper.
Monks copied many Latin texts.
Monks at Benedictine Abbey at Hautvillers, near Rheims in north France, illustrated it.
Monks illustrated it. A Benedictine abbey is at Hautvillers, near Rheims in north France. Monks there also illustrated the Utrecht Psalter. Ebbo was archbishop of Reims [816 to 835].
Lindau is on east Lake Constance (Bodensee) in Bavaria in south Germany.
He lived ? to 940 and perfected Naskh.
It has Greek style.
Example is Piramouz Kufic Script.
Islamic calligraphy developed the first cursive forms of Kufic.
Ibn Muqla lived ? to 940, was Vizier at Baghdad, and codified Plaited Kufic script.
During Sung Dynasty, landscape paintings were silk painted with carbon black dissolved in water and other watercolors.
It has Arabic numerals.
Reichenau monastery was on an island in Lake Constance in Bavaria in south Germany.
Chandela dynasty ruled Bundelkhand [900 to 1500]. Khajuraho is in Madhya Pradesh state in central India.
Native-American painting on wood or human body used ornamental designs. American Indians drew all figure parts, by spreading the figure flat, looking from top, in split-style drawing.
Navajo painted on flat sand {sand painting} by pouring powdered earth in abstract patterns. Hosteen Klah wove sandpainting images into rugs [1935].
He lived ? to 1022.
Romanesque paintings were two-dimensional, patterned, outlined, and active, blending symbolic and ornamental styles.
Charlemagne started the abbey. Gartempe is in Vienne department of former province of Poitou in west France.
Domenico Contarini was Doge and commissioned it.
Byzantine mosaics began to use crucifixion theme.
Bishop Odo commissioned it. Bayeux is in Normandy in north France.
Islamic style used geometric and floral arabesques.
Flags and oriflamme banners had Gothic style.
Palermo is port in northwest Sicily.
Madonna paintings predominated as Roman Catholic church emphasized her role.
He lived 1262 to 1316.
Zen Buddhist lived 1155 to 1235 in Sung Dynasty. He founded Ma-Hsia school of landscape painting, with Hsia Kuei.
Zen Buddhist lived in Sung Dynasty.
The later nasta'liq combines naskhi and ta'liq styles.
Zen Buddhist lived 1180 to 1230 in Sung Dynasty. He founded Ma-Hsia school of landscape painting, with Ma Yuan.
Bourges is in central France.
Zen Buddhist lived 1200 to 1274 in Sung Dynasty.
He lived 1240 to 1302.
He lived 1267 to 1337, used linear perspective, and painted with tempera.
Italian painters, who put figures in architectural settings to give more depth to painting, combined Byzantine and Gothic styles.
Zen Buddhist lived 1275 to 1351 and used fine brush style {sumi style, Kokushi}. He designed gardens.
He lived 1260 to 1318.
He lived 1280 to 1348.
Islamic style paintings had high horizon.
He lived ? to 1416 and painted miniatures.
Zen Buddhist lived 1352 to 1431 and painted in sumi style.
Early-Renaissance artists painted frescoes and polyptychs.
Late Gothic painting used color shading to achieve depth {atmospheric perspective} [Clark, 1969].
He lived 1360 to 1430.
Herman Limbourg lived 1370 to 1416. Paul Limbourg lived 1375 to 1416. Jean Limbourg lived 1380 to 1416.
He lived 1378 to 1444 and dissolved pigments in oil {oil painting}. Oil allows more color tones and can be thick or thin. He was among the earliest portrait artists. His Late Gothic painting is realistic, with light, depth, continuity, and detail.
He lived 1401 to 1428, began Early-Renaissance painting, and used perspective and full-bodied figures.
He lived 1370 to 1426 and first used atmospheric perspective.
He lived 1390 to 1441, first used oil paint, and painted the first portraits.
He lived 1399 to 1464.
He lived 1406 to 1469 and was of Florentine school.
Zen Buddhist lived 1414 to 1465 and painted in sumi style of Chinese ink painting of Muromachi period. He was Josetsu's student and taught Sesshu.
St. Francesca Romana lived 1384 to 1440 in Rome and started Olivetan Oblates.
He lived 1431 to 1506.
He lived 1302 to 1373.
He lived 1418 to 1457.
Munif originated it, and Hamadullah improved it.
Monogram of the Sultan used Tughra script.
He lived 1420 to 1492.
He lived 1450 to 1520, was of Herat School [1467 to 1506], was later of Tabriz School [1506 to 1520], and used Safavid style. Herat is in northwest Afghanistan.
Zen Buddhist lived ? to 1483, painted in Bummei-Period sumi style, and started Soga School.
He lived 1444 to 1510.
He lived 1435 to 1498.
He lived 1430 to 1516.
He lived 1450 to 1491 and used copper plates.
He lived 1452 to 1519 and studied anatomy. Fossils are sea organisms that fell to bottom in layers, but land subsequently rose [1482 to 1499].
He used perspective and shadow. Figures were in chiaroscuro light and dark, with light coming from undefined source. Sfumat haze makes soft veiled atmosphere to suggest more depth. Brighter objects appear larger by irradiation. He mirror wrote, as can many left-handers. He used hydraulics in shows that he created for the duke.
Akbar and later Mogul emperors commissioned nature and court-life paintings in north India and had workshops that combined Indian and Islamic styles.
He lived 1446 to 1523.
Zen Buddhist lived 1421 to 1506 and was master of Japanese suiboku ink painting.
He lived 1471 to 1528.
Zen painting, other Zen arts, and classical Chinese poetry have four modes. Sabi is quiet and isolated or in the middle and so neither desired or rejected. Wabi is depressed, simple, ordinary, or common. Aware is nostalgic or regretful. Yugen is mysterious or deep.
Rajasthan state is in northwest India.
He lived 1450 to 1516.
He lived 1450 to 1523.
He lived 1483 to 1520.
Sultan Muhammad's son Mozaffar Ali Siyavash or Mosavar Mohammadi was miniature painter of Ghazvin School.
He was of Tabriz School of miniature painters, as was Behzad, and was Aqa Mirak of Isfahan's pupil. Mir Sayyid Ali, Mirza Ali, and Muzaffar Ali were also of Tabriz School.
He lived 1477 to 1510.
He lived 1470 to 1528.
He lived 1485 to 1576.
He lived 1497 to 1543.
He lived 1489 to 1534.
He lived 1499 to 1546 and started academic style.
He lived 1472 to 1553. Lucas Cranach the Younger lived 1515 to 1586.
He lived 1480 to 1538.
He taught Sultan Muhammad.
Mannerist lived 1509 to 1566.
He lived 1533 to 1610, wrote Arabic calligraphy, painted miniatures, and was of Ghazvin School.
He lived 1528 to 1588.
He painted miniatures.
He lived 1525 to 1569.
He lived 1518 to 1594.
He lived 1540 to 1576 and was miniature painter of Ghazvin School.
Imad al-Husni lived 1554 to 1614 and was of Isfahan School.
He lived 1541 to 1614, in Spain from 1577.
He lived 1571 to 1610 and used naturalism. He used tenebrism high contrast between dark and light from one source.
Sayyid Shafua of Herat invented it.
Zen Buddhist lived 1582 to 1645 and painted in sumi style.
He lived 1577 to 1640.
He lived 1599 to 1660.
He lived 1580 to 1530, wrote Safavid Arabic calligraphy, painted miniatures, and was of Isfahan School. Reza Abassi's pupil was Moin. Moin painted Reza Abassi. Muhammad Qasim, Mir Muhammad Ali, and Muhammad Yusuf continued Isfahan School style until 1700. Nadir Shah showed Mogul influences in 18th century.
He lived 1577 to 1650. He studied at Tosa School and then at Kano School, and then he founded Ukiyoye School or Popular School. Tosa School [1220] painted court scenes and battles. Kano School [1460] used Chinese-style painting for shoguns.
He lived 1591 to 1666.
He lived 1582 to 1666.
He lived 1599 to 1639.
He lived 1606 to 1669.
He lived 1594 to 1665.
He lived 1596 to 1669.
He lived 1602 to 1682.
He lived 1597 to 1665 and built church interiors.
He lived 1593 to 1652.
He lived 1625 to 1654.
He lived 1628 to 1682.
He lived 1605 to 1682.
He lived 1629 to 1684 and painted domestic scenes.
He lived 1625 to 1679.
He lived 1632 to 1675.
He lived 1638 to 1714 and printed ukiyo-e from woodblocks.
He lived 1787 to 1867 and printed India-ink woodblock prints {ukiyo-e}. Horishige, Hokusai, Utamaro, and Hishikawa Moronobu also printed them.
He lived 1642 to 1698 and used words and phrases to depict bird or animal.
He lived 1638 to 1698 and painted town scenes.
He lived 1684 to 1721.
He lived ? to 1725 and sketched scenes and demons {Otsu pictures} in Otso near Kyoto.
He lived 1725 to 177 and printed woodblocks in colors {nishiki-e}.
He lived 1697 to 1764. Feeling of beauty depends on bodily characteristics and sensations, as they identify themselves with art {empathy theory}.
He lived 1703 to 1770 and used Rococo style.
He lived 1699 to 1779.
He lived 1727 to 1788.
He lived 1696 to 1770.
Company was Bilston & Battersea Enamels.
He lived 1732 to 1806.
He lived 1713 to 1782 and painted landscapes.
He lived 1724 to 1806.
He lived 1738 to 1815.
He lived 1723 to 1792. Beauty relates to central idea. The most-beautiful things are the most-representative class examples.
He lived 1738 to 1820.
He lived 1735 to 1783.
Zen Buddhist lived 1750 to 1837 and painted in sumi style.
He lived 1741 to 1825.
He lived 1748 to 1825.
He lived 1756 to 1843.
He lived 1757 to 1827.
He lived 1755 to 1828.
He lived 1775 to 1851.
He lived 1746 to 1828.
He lived 1756 to 1823 and painted portraits.
He lived 1780 to 1867.
He lived 1774 to 1840.
He lived 1776 to 1837.
He lived 1791 to 1824.
He lived 1792 to 1878.
He lived 1798 to 1863.
He lived 1796 to 1875.
He lived 1760 to 1849.
He lived 1796 to 1872 and painted Native Americans.
He lived 1797 to 1858 and was of Ukiyo-e School of printmaking.
He lived 1785 to 1851 and painted birds.
He lived 1801 to 1848 and founded Hudson River School of nature painting.
He lived 1780 to 1849.
He lived 1813 to 1888.
He lived 1819 to 1877.
He lived 1814 to 1875 and was of Barbizon School.
He lived 1821 to 1893.
He lived 1832 to 1883.
He lived 1832 to 1883 and was the first Impressionist, for whom painting itself was reality.
He lived 1834 to 1917.
He lived 1840 to 1926.
He lived 1841 to 1919.
He lived 1834 to 1903.
He lived 1836 to 1910.
He lived 1844 to 1916.
He lived 1839 to 1906, was Post-Impressionist, and articulated foreground and background.
He lived 1847 to 1917.
He lived 1859 to 1891 and used color dots {Pointillism} {Divisionism}.
He lived 1853 to 1890, was Post-Impressionist, and painted landscapes filled with emotion and bright colors.
He lived 1808 to 1879.
He lived 1848 to 1903 and was Post-Impressionist. He used folk art, stained glass, and flat picture with strong colors, in pre-Renaissance style {synthetism, Gauguin}. His later work is his Tahitian period.
He lived 1863 to 1944.
He lived 1872 to 1898.
He lived 1864 to 1901.
He lived 1844 to 1910.
Artists cut and pasted scraps onto background {collage}| or in three dimensions {constructivism, art}.
He lived 1858 to 1924.
He lived 1856 to 1925.
He lived 1881 to 1973, had a Blue period, and then had a Rose period. He used shaded wedges and open spaces {Cubism} and pasted collages.
He lived 1870 to 1966 and was Art Nouveau.
He lived 1869 to 1954 and was Expressionist and Fauvist.
He lived from 1884 to 1920.
He lived 1871 to 1958, was Futurist, and used Cubist ideas.
He lived 1866 to 1944, led Die Brucke or the Bridge, and was the first non-objective or non-representational painter {non-representational art} {non-objective art, Kandinsky}. He was Fauvist. He, Franz Marc, and other German expressionists formed Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) [1911 to 1014].
He lived 1887 to 1985.
He lived 1882 to 1963.
He lived 1887 to 1968 and superimposed movement phases.
He lived 1872 to 1944 and used a non-objective style {Neo-Plasticism} {De Stijl} that balanced asymmetrical parts.
He lived 1888 to 1978 and was Fantasist.
He lived 1892 to 1990, designed stage and film clothes, and was of Art Deco.
He lived 1894 to 1978 and painted Saturday Evening Post magazine covers [1916 to 1958].
He lived 1886 to 1957 and painted murals. Jose Clemente Orozco, David Alvaro Siquieros, and Rivera painted public-building frescos in Mexican Mural Renaissance [1921 to 1930].
He lived 1863 to 1948.
He lived 1879 to 1940 and used ideographic and simple shapes.
He lived 1893 to 1943, used color dots {Pointillism, Soutine} {Divisionism, Soutine}, and was Post-Impressionist.
He lived 1894 to 1964.
He lived 1877 to 1953 and was Fauvist.
He lived 1891 to 1976, was Surrealist, and constructed frottages [1925] and decalomania.
He lived 1904 to 1989, used psychoanalytic ideas, and was Surrealist.
He lived 1883 to 1955 and painted Paris street scenes.
He lived 1871 to 1958.
He lived 1898 to 1972 and etched lithographs and woodcuts with scenes impossible in three-dimensional space or with opposite-shape tilings. He used the 17 symmetries available in the plane {wallpaper group, Escher}. He also represented hyperbolic space by projection onto plane.
He lived 1882 to 1967.
He lived 1912 to 1956 and was Abstract Expressionist, who used poured or squirted paint in an active painting process {action painting}.
He lived 1917 to ?.
He lived 1904 to 1997.
He lived 1888 to 1976 and used color squares to study color relations.
He lived 1928 to 1987.
He lived 1934 to 1976, was Surrealist, and used only curved outlines {biomorphic abstraction, Miro}.
He lived 1898 to 1969.
He used thick oil.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225