Sumerian temples had shrines, workshops, and storehouses around them.
Egyptian Old-Kingdom tombs were rectangular earth mounds, with brick or stone sides, for kings and courts. Chapel in mound had shaft to burial chamber. Tombs had mummies, sculptures, household items, and paintings.
Sumerians built high rising platforms {ziggurat}|, with temples opposite stair tops. Sumerian temples had a narrow cella hall with small side chambers and had shrines, workshops, and storehouses around them. Sumerian buildings used rectangular sun-dried clay-and-straw mud bricks, as well as wood.
Wiltshire is in Wessex, near Stonehenge.
Giant Sumerian statues had conical or cylindrical bodies and large inlaid eyes.
He lived -2635 to -2595, multiplied using times-two table, and built pyramid. Egyptian Old Kingdom 3rd Dynasty pyramids had temples, palaces, and tombs {funerary district}. Palaces had fluted columns.
Sumerian tombs contained harps and statues.
Egyptian Old Kingdom 4th Dynasty kings built pyramid burial chambers. First and largest pyramid was for Cheops. Second, next largest pyramid was for Chefron. Last, smallest pyramid was for Mycerinus. Pyramid sides had smooth dressed stone. Burial chamber is in pyramid middle. East of each pyramid is Old-Kingdom temple with causeway leading to another temple near Nile. One temple has giant diorite seated Chefron. Another temple has giant slate statue of Mycerinus standing with his queen. Third temple has giant limestone statue of seated Prince Rahotep and his wife Nofret. Bodies are rectangular in style, but faces are individualistic.
Tall massive stones, with cromlechs, were in three concentric rings. Third ring was four meters high. Ditches were 100 meters diameter. Inner ring had no lintels. In center were five eight-meter-tall posts and lintels. Upright stones surrounded central altar stone. Stone alignments pointed to sunrise or sunset on some days each year. Main axis pointed to sunrise on June 24. Nearest quarries were 200 kilometers away.
Shulgi of Urim, second king of Sumer, built it [-2047 to -1999]. Shulgi was son of Ur-Nammu, Third Dynasty of Ur founder.
Minoan palaces had stairs and airshafts and had low ceilings. Porticos were at entrances. Interiors had decorations and paintings. Palaces had no fortifications.
Late New Stone Age peoples built large dolmen tombs with stone walls and stone tops.
Egyptian Middle Kingdom kings built tombs.
Large Minoan palace was the labyrinth of Greek myth.
Mycenaean beehive tombs were in deep shafts with conical stone chambers and contained mummies, golden facemasks, and household items.
Deir el-Bahri is near Thebes.
Hittites built rough-cut stone fortresses, with gates flanked by lion statues.
Mycenaeans built hilltop fortresses with stone block walls, similar to Hittite fortresses.
Mycenaean palaces had a center with a megaron audience hall.
Amon-Re is largest of four parts of Karnak Temple Complex to north. Karnak is near Luxor. Theban kings conquered Hyskos 15th dynasty and ruled Egypt in New Kingdom, especially 18th dynasty. In older mythology {Theban mythology}, Thoth created Amen or Amon or Amun, god of creation in Theban mythology. Amun was main Theban god. Ra or Re is spirit. His original wife was Amenet. In New-Kingdom mythology, his wife was Mut, goddess of motherhood in Theban mythology. Khons was god of moon in Theban mythology and was Amen's and Mut's son.
Ptah was creation god {Memphis mythology}. Re-Harakhte was sun god {Heliopolis mythology}. After New-Kingdom Aten-cult, Amen, Ptah, and Re-Harakhte merged to make Amen.
Egyptian New Kingdom temple had gateway between two walls at pylon entrance, then court with low walls, then hall of pillars, and then second court. Halls and chapels were around square room with four columns. High walls were around main temple and halls. Columns were massive and had top lintels.
Ramses II Temple is for Amen, Ptah, and Re-Harakhte.
Atreus Treasury is largest tholos beehive tomb. Mycenaeans used cut stones to make arched vaults, with outside wood or stone buttresses. They also built first corbel arches.
Over rock, King Solomon of Israel built temple, which Babylonians destroyed later.
Relief shows Ashurbanipal II Killing Lions.
Brick walls with turrets surrounded Assyrian palaces.
Etruscan tombs were stone house imitations in conical earth mounds. Sarcophaguses had sculptured clay lids with reclining figures in happy poses. Etruscan tombs had bird and dolphin paintings.
Etruscan houses had an atrium.
Etruscan towns had north-south road and east-west road. Narrow aqueducts transported water over long distances. They built fortifications, bridges, and drainage systems.
Archaic Style had different temple styles: older Doric, newer Ionic, and Corinthian Ionic variant.
Nineveh is in north Iraq.
Nebuchadnezzar II built Tower of Babel. New Babylonians put smooth transparent glossy hard surface glazes on baked bricks.
Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt Sumerian ziggurat to Moon goddess.
New Babylonians built first wood bridges, with stone piers.
Petra was capital of Nabatean Arabs and is east of Wadi Musa in southwest Jordan.
Corcyra is Corfu.
Babylon had eight gates.
Paestum is near Salerno in Campania in southwest Italy.
Pediment has Contest of Herakles and Apollo. Delphi is on Mount Parnassus in Phocis (Fokis) in central Greece.
Old-Persian palace was on a raised platform. Rooms, halls, and courts had many slender, fluted columns. Wooden roofs had beams fitted into column capitals. Relief sculptures had solemn ceremonial figures, mixing nomadic ornamentation styles with Greek and Sumerian styles.
It includes Vulca's muscular and aggressive terracotta Apollo of Veii. Etruscan is Tuscan. Veii was in south Etruria, north of Rome.
Olympia is on Greece west coast.
Greek Classical town has stoa municipal halls near market.
Paestum is near Naples.
He worked with Callicrates and Phidias on Parthenon.
He worked with Ictinus and Phidias on Parthenon.
Plutarch mentions him.
Etruscan rock tombs looked like house insides, with square pilaster pillars.
Halicarnassus is on Aegean-Sea coast in southwest Asia Minor.
He lived -365 to -320. Tholos is at Asclepios sanctuary.
Artemis is Diana. Chersiphron and his son, Metagenes, built first temple [-550], but it burned [-356]. The replacement temple burned [262] and invaders destroyed it [401].
Eastern wall, begun by Ch'in Shih Hwang-ti, averages eight meters tall, is seven to ten meters wide at bottom, and is five meters wide at top. Western wall is an earth mound with stone facing and is in ruins. Complete wall goes from Shanhaikuan on Yellow Sea to Chaiyukuan in Gobi Desert, 2500 kilometers, with side branches, and has 24,000 gates and towers. Ming Dynasty did next major work. Wall is largest construction in size, labor, and weight.
First capital [-500] had giant earth stupas, with stone facings, and a temple carved from solid rock. Some stupas were larger than the Pyramids. Anuradhapura is north of Columbo.
Porta Augusta had two wide towers, with a semicircular arch of voussoir wedge-shaped blocks, not overlapping stones.
Great Stupa is in central India.
Eumenes II, king of Pergamon in northwest Asia Minor, built it. East pediment shows race between Pelops and Oenomaos.
Ionic temples can have high platform {podium, temple}. Portunus protected harbors.
Roman temples were concrete covered with plaster.
Pompeii is near Naples in Campania.
Roman private houses {domus, house} had central atrium and rectangular central hall, with outer rooms.
Roman apartments {insula, apartment} had small central court, then space open to sky, and then opening to street. Shops were on first floor, with living quarters above.
Romans built first semicircular true arches, which had no buttresses.
Roman temples had cylindrical-roof barrel vaults.
Imperial Rome civic center first had Forum of Caesar and then Forum of Peace, Forum of Nerva, Forum of Augustus, Forum of Trajan, and Column of Trajan.
King Herod built temple over rock where Solomon had built temple. Romans destroyed it [70].
Aqueduct of Nîmes is 50 km long. Nimes is between Provence and Languedoc in south France.
Colosseum used barrel vaults and intersecting barrel groined vaults.
He lived -90 to -20.
Niches have sculptures.
Castel Sant'Angelo was a fortress [271]. Nicholas II connected it to Vatican by corridor. First floor has long winding ramp. Fourth floor has papal apartment and loggia of Julius II, designed by Bramante.
Arch of Ctesiphon is the 30-meter gate finished by Chosroes I of Sasanian Empire.
Roman palaces had columns and arches {arcade}.
Constantine Style reliefs had no spatial perspective, flat background, immobile figures, large-headed figures, different measurement scales, and unrelated images.
Constantine-Style round or polygonal domed baptistery buildings were for baptisms. Constantine-Style chapels were for funerals. Column rings supported domes, with ambulatories. Santa Costanza has mosaics.
Constantine Style churches had three large aisles, with groined vault and wide wooden roof, copied after public baths. Basilicas had apses at naves and colonnades down sides.
On site of Nero's amphitheater, Constantine built small church with long nave and long side aisles and with windows separated by columns. Apse with altar was at one end. Atrium was at other end. Narthex was between atrium and nave. Transept was between apse and nave. Roof was wood. Outside was brick or mortar. Inside walls were marble. Inside had colored stone pieces, small colored-glass-cube tesserae, and glazed clay mosaics embedded in plaster or cement.
Much later, pope crowned Charlemagne and other kings there.
It is on Via Ostiense.
Pope Liberius built it.
San Vitale has famous mosaics.
Byzantine churches can have buttressed main piers with pendentive rim at dome.
Ravenna is in Emilia-Romagna region in northeast Italy.
Shiva Temple is on Elephanta Island in Bombay harbor. Trimurti is Brahma, Vishnu/Krishna, and Shiva. Main statue is Shiva as Maheshwara.
Anundshog is near Stockholm. In the Ynglingasaga, Yngvar's son Anundr became king after Yngvar died [600].
Buddhist temple is on Singuttara hill.
It contains Kabaa and Zamzam Well.
Potala Palace is in Potala, a hill next to Lhasa (place of gods or Forbidden City), capital of Tibet, and is home of Dalai Lama. Songtsan Gambo, ruler of Tubo Kingdom, built it. 17th-century rulers built it again.
Vikings buried leaders in ships.
Abdul Malik ibn Marwan, eighth caliph, and Abd al-Malik, ninth caliph, built it.
Dravida temples in south India were pyramids and had stories.
Nagara temples in Khajuraho region in north India were Hindu curvilinear tower sikhara temples in cross shape.
After 700, main temple-architecture styles are Nagara in north India, Dravida in south India, and Vesara on Deccan peninsula. Hindu curvilinear tower temples {sikhara} were in cross shape and were in Khajuraho region in north India. Dravida temples were pyramids and had stories. Vesara temples had northern and southern influences.
They are scriptural texts about art.
Deccan-peninsula Vesara temples had northern and southern influences.
It is on a Roman-temple platform {temenos}.
One mile offshore in English Channel, a village has a high stone wall and a Benedictine Abbey with a spire. An earthquake and tidal wave [725] washed surrounding plains away and created a tidal marsh, with 13-meter tides. France built a stone causeway to French coast for the 250 inhabitants [1875].
Khirbat al-Mafjar Palace is near Jericho.
Mshatta Palace is southeast of Amman.
Hindu and Buddhist sculptures are in 34 cave temples. Ellora is Elura.
Ukhaydir Palace is south of Karbala.
It is now La Mezquita cathedral. Cordoba is in Andalucia in south Spain.
Medieval basilicas have westworks, with two round towers, vaulted narthex, and tower over transept and nave crossing. Square choir space separates apse and transept. Centula is near Abbéville.
Later Medieval chapels had a tall monumental westwork entrance, with two towers.
Mayans also built other buildings nearby.
Path has 72 bell-shaped reliquary stupa niches. Java restored temple in early 20th century. It is near Jogyakarta.
It has many sacred seven-headed cobra images.
Mayans and Toltecs built steep, stepped, symmetrical, stone pyramids, with a temple on top.
Qayrawan Great Mosque is by Aghlabids.
He lived 821 to 861, was Abbasid ruler [847 to 861], and built many palaces. Samarra is north of Baghdad on Tigris River.
Pranbanan Temple is near Jogyakarta.
Imperial Abbey of Corvey is east of Paderborn in Westphalia.
Ibn Tulun, Tulunid-Dynasty founder, built it, on Mount Yashkur [868 to 905].
Palitana is in Gujarat.
It replaced a Benedictine abbey.
Samanid Mausoleum was for Ismail Samani [? to 999], founder of Samanids, and contains other Samanid ruler remains.
In driest part of Sahara Desert, an Islamic town has many domes.
Ottonian churches had two transepts, large choir, small apse, and high walls. Walls went up to clerestory above roof level. Crypt under the choir stored the dead.
Shams al-Ma'ali 'Abd al-Hasan Qabus of Gurgan and Tabaristan built it.
Fatimid dynasty built it.
It is on Mt. Helikon in Boeotia. Greek crosses can have four equal arms.
Conrad II of Salic emperors began Imperial Cathedral.
Vimala Sha is for the 22nd Jainist saint.
It is where Britain crowns monarchs and is near Houses of Parliament.
Romanesque reliefs used primary colors, swirling clothes, body twists, and many people, with sharp and deep cutting {Cluniac style}.
Romanesque architecture depended on Roman architecture, with Byzantine and Islamic ornamentation. Romanesque churches had Romanesque arches. Vaulted roofs used stone masonry. Early Romanesque church vaults had groined cross vaults. Later Romanesque churches used ribbed groin vaults, to make wider and higher vaults. Vaults had solid, heavy walls. Exteriors had carvings and decorations. Church shapes were Latin crosses, with entrance facade, long nave, single transept, choir, and apse.
North Doors are by Ghiberti. South Doors are by Pisano.
St. Mark's Cathedral is in Piazza San Marco (St. Mark's Plaza).
It is near Pisa Campanile [1174] and Baptistry. Pisa is in Tuscany.
Étienne is Stephen.
Toulouse is in Midi-Pyrénées in south France.
Canterbury Cathedral is on site of original cathedral built by St. Augustine [597] and destroyed by fire [1067].
Gartempe is in Vienne department of former province of Poitou in west France.
English Late Gothic cathedrals had steeply curved vaults with ribs passing through clerestory, in Perpendicular style.
Seljuk Turks built it.
Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin, and St. Cuthbert of Durham is in northeast England.
Conques is in Midi Pyrénées province in southwest France.
St. Pierre church is in southwest France.
It was Benedictine abbey before. Poitiers is in west-central France.
Tours is in northwest France.
Islamic architecture style {Mudejar style} used brick and glazed tiles.
Autun Cathedral is near Bourgogne.
Tintern Abbey is in southeast Wales.
Largest church in Belgium is 134 meters long.
Gothic cathedrals in France were for the Virgin Mary, envisioned as young girl, rather than matron as before. Gothic cathedrals had ribbed groin vaults, Gothic pointed arches, flying buttresses, slender inner columns, triforia, choir, and niches around apse. Column clusters flowed smoothly into pointed arch and across vault. Large colored-glass-piece windows {stained glass window} often had rose shape {rose window}.
In most Gothic churches {hall church} {hallenkirche} in Germany, nave and side aisles were at same height.
Most Gothic cathedrals in Italy were in Cistercian style.
It is near Pisa Campanile [1174] and Campo Santo [1278 to 1283]. Pisa is in Tuscany.
First it was Cathedral of St. Julian of Mans. Le Mans is in northwest France.
He lived 1120 to 1196.
Romanesque churches can have campaniles.
Lyon is Lugdunum or Lyons.
Church was north Spain destination for medieval Way of Saint James (Camino de Santiago) pilgrimage. Santiago is Saint James.
It has a floor labyrinth.
Koutoubia Gardens are beside it. Marrakech is also Marrakesh.
He lived 1103 to 1195 and was archbishop of Bourges [1183 to 1995].
Bishop Mellon built first one. Rouen is in northwest France.
Aztecs built stepped, symmetrical, stone pyramids.
Temple is in capital of Tamil kingdom. King Tirumula built it. Madurai also has the name Mathurai. Meenakshi is consort of Sundareswarar, who is Shiva.
Fossanova is in Lazio, south of Rome, Italy.
Early English Gothic cathedrals were lower than in Europe.
Luzarches lived ? to 1223. Thomas de Cormont lived ? to 1228.
Seljuk Turks built it.
French Gothic cathedrals had west facade with triangular-ended gable porches with pinnacle points.
It was summer palace of Sultan Alaeddin Keykubad, who reigned 1220 to 1236 over Seljuk Turks. Lake Beysehir is in central Turkey.
Alcazaba is old Moorish section, with fountains, arcades, tiles, courtyards, Hall of Ambassadors, and Court of Myrtles. Palace of the Kings has central Court of Lions.
Strasbourg is in Alsace in east France.
Delwara Temple is in Gujarat. Tejahapala and Vastupala were brothers.
Domkirche St. Peter und Maria has Shrine of the Three Kings.
Saint-Maximin is in Provence. Charles of Anjou sponsored it.
Dabhoi is in Vadodara district of Gujarat. Dabhoi is Darbhavati.
It was capital of Shivaji Marathas and Murar Baji. Purandar is in north India.
Santa Croce was Franciscan and has Pazzi Chapel [1433 to 1461].
Early-Renaissance central-plan churches had polygon shapes. Dome is by Filippo Brunelleschi.
Palazzo Publico is in Piazza del Campo (Campo Plaza) beside Torre del Mangia or Mangia Tower [1348].
He lived 1245 to 1302. It was Piazza della Signoria or Leaders' Plaza. Signoria were leaders of Florence.
Sultaniya is in south Azerbaijan in northwest Iran.
He lived 1300 to 1366 [rebuilt 1564].
Kerman is on Lut-Desert (Kavir-e lut) edge in south-central Iran. Kerman also has Ganj-Ali-Khan bazaar, bath, and caravanserai.
Apurimac River is northwest of Cuzco.
Buildings used open square with four rectangular vaulted side halls. Domes can be over open squares. Mausoleums can attach. Original one was from 757 to 762. Qalawun ruled after Babar and built Sharia al-Muiz [1284 to 1285]. His son Khalil ruled [1290]. His brother Sultan Muhammad al-Hasir ruled Egypt [1310 to 1341], dug canal between Alexandria and Nile [1311], and had son, Sultan Hassan bin Mohammad bin Qala'oun.
Ivan III ordered Kremlin built. Triangular wall surrounds it. Inside is white Palace of Facets. Spasskaya Tower is gate tower. The Great Bell Tower is 90 meters tall, with gold onion-shaped dome. The King of Bells weighs 216 tons, is seven meters high, rang for only three years [1733 to 1736], and now is on ground. World's largest cannon is also in Kremlin, but they never fired it. Largest building is Grand Palace, built in 19th century.
Kremlin is next to Red Square, Cathedral of St. Basil, and black marble Tomb of Lenin. Cathedral of St. Basil was built in late 16th century.
Guinforte Solari lived 1465 to 1481. Amadeo lived 1447 to 1522. Pellegrini lived 1527 to 1596.
He lived 1378 to 1455.
It was for Muhammad Sultan, Timur's grandson, and includes Timur and his sons and grandsons.
Ming Dynasty built Forbidden City.
Goharshad, wife of Shahrokh, funded Timurid mosque [1405 to 1447].
Mehmet I was Ottoman sultan.
He lived 1421 to 1464.
He lived 1377 to 1446 and invented Florentine style.
Brunelleschi lived 1377 to 1446. Fancelli lived 1430 to 1494. Bartolomeo Ammannati changed it from 1558 to 1570.
Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror built it. Ottoman sultans lived there until Abdulmecid I [1839 to 1860].
He lived 1420 to 1479.
Trinita dei Monti is at top of Spanish Steps, according to Papal town plan. It has the Descent from the Cross fresco by Daniele da Volterra.
al-Ashraf Qaitbay was sultan of Mamelukes [1468 to 1496] and who lived 1423 to 1496.
Inca tunnel goes 250 meters through cliff.
Henry VII lived 1491 to 1547.
He lived 1444 to 1514.
Michelangelo succeeded Bramante in 1547. Michelangelo lived 1475 to 1564.
He lived 1481 to 1536.
Porta lived 1533 to 1602 and completed collaborations with Sangallo and Michelangelo. Sangallo the Younger lived 1484 to 1546. Sangallo the Elder lived 1455 to 1534.
He lived 1470 to 1549.
Primaticcio lived 1504 to 1570. Serlio lived 1475 to 1554.
He lived 1510 to 1578.
He lived 1511 to 1574.
Cathedral has hipped roof with small arches in tiers. Ivan the Terrible had it built after he captured Kazan Khanate. St. Basil has chapel built by Czar Fedor Ivanovich [1588].
He lived 1538 to 1584 and became Roman Catholic saint.
He lived 1518 to 1580.
He lived 1507 to 1573.
He lived 1489 to 1588. It was for Selim II.
Mogul emperor Akbar built Fathpur Sikri Mosque near Asra.
He lived 1543 to 1607. Cathedral began in 324 under Constantine at place according to Papal town plan.
He lived 1556 to 1629. Santo Ignacio has painting by Pozzo.
He lived 1562 to 1622 and was Sinan's student. Ahmed I [1589 to 1617] was Ottoman sultan [1603 to 1617].
He lived 1573 to 1652.
He lived 1585 to 1654. Tuileries Garden is near Louvre, where Tuileries Palace was.
He lived 1592 to 1666 and ruled as Shah [1628 to 1658]. Taj Mahal is at old capital and is tomb of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. It has a square marble platform 100 meters on sides, octagon 60 meters on longest side, walls 23 meters high, and bulb-shaped dome 80 meters high. It has four minarets, at corners, 45 meters high. A walled garden, with reflecting pools and walkways, surrounds it.
Maderno lived 1556 to 1629. Bernini lived 1598 to 1680.
He lived 1598 to 1666.
Shah Abbas of Safavid dynasty started final construction.
He lived 1599 to 1667.
He lived 1614 to 1670 and worked for Louis XIV.
He lived 1646 to 1708. His great-uncle was François Mansart.
He lived 1624 to 1683.
He lived 1632 to 1723. His clerk was Nicholas Hawksmoor.
He lived 1613 to 1688.
He lived 1656 to 1723. San Carlo Borromeo is St. Charles Borromaeus.
Charlottenburg Palace was for Sophie Charlotte, wife of first Prussian king, Friedrich I. Johann Eosander von Goethe was architect as it expanded later. It added east wing [1740 to 1746].
He lived 1670 to 1739.
He lived 1664 to 1726.
Egid Quirin Asam lived 1692 to 1750 and was architect. Cosmas Damian Asam lived 1686 to 1739 and was painter and architect.
He lived 1687 to 1753.
He lived 1662 to 1737.
He lived 1694 to 1753.
He lived 1714 to 1786.
He lived 1695 to 1768.
Gregorini lived 1700 to 1777. First built in 325, the stone columns remain.
He lived 1716 to 1790. Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach designed and built the Early Baroque original [1696 to 1699].
He lived 1698 to 1782.
Le Panthéon is in Latin Quarter. Soufflot lived 1713 to 1780.
He lived 1728 to 1792.
He lived 1763 to 1828.
Temple is part of Wat Phia Kaeo, walled religious complex containing Royal Pantheon, which has life-sized bronzes of former kings and contains many yaks. At roof points are sky licks. Across Chaophraya River is Wat Arun or Temple of the Dawn.
He lived 1732 to 1808.
He lived 1754 to 1852 and designed Washington avenues and quadrants.
He lived 1743 to 1826.
Chalgrin lived 1739 to 1811. Blouet lived 1795 to 1853.
He lived 1752 to 1835.
He lived 1763 to 1844.
He lived 1757 to 1834. It is in north Wales.
He lived 1806 to 1859.
He lived 1795 to 1860.
He lived 1801 to 1875.
He lived 1781 to 1855.
He lived 1801 to 1865. Crystal Palace was at Great Exhibition, the first World's Fair. In 1854, it moved to Hyde Park until 1939. Sydenham is now in London.
He lived 1804 to 1887.
He lived 1817 to 1891. It is near Aberdeen.
Negrelli lived 1799 to 1858 and was from Austria. Lesseps lived 1805 to 1894 and was from France.
He lived 1857 to 1874.
He lived 1838 to 1886.
He lived 1806 to 1869 and patented wire rope, used in suspension bridges.
He lived 1834 to 1904. Eiffel built the frame. Liberty Island is part of New York City.
She lived 1837 to 1922.
He lived 1832 to 1907. Home Insurance had ten stories.
He lived 1832 to 1923. Stephen Sauvestre [1874 to 1919] added design.
He lived 1856 to 1924 and was father of modernism. He was of Chicago school and founded Prairie School of architecture.
He lived 1852 to 1926.
It connects Brig with Domodossola.
He lived 1857 to 1947.
He lived 1821 to 1901.
He lived 1867 to 1959 and used Cubist ideas. Horizontal houses {prairie house} integrate with surroundings. Well-designed houses {Usonian house} can be affordable.
White lived 1853 to 1906. McKim lived 1847 to 1909.
He lived 1859 to 1934.
He lived 1858 to 1928.
He lived 1883 to 1969. Style {Bauhaus style} can unite art and craft, without distinction between worker and artist.
He lived 1887 to 1965 and designed "machines to be lived in" {machines à habiter}. He built curtain-wall buildings, with steel skeletons and glass sides.
He lived 1883 to 1958 and worked for Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon Company [1929], with Richmond Harold Shreve [1877 to 1946] and Arthur Loomis Harmon [1878 to 1958].
Lake Mead formed behind it.
Moisseiff lived 1872 to 1943. Ellis lived 1876 to 1949.
He lived 1895 to 1983.
He lived 1876 to 1955.
He lived 1886 to 1969.
He lived 1898 to 1976 and designed buildings and furniture.
It is not on I-10 and US-90 Pontchartrain Expressway in New Orleans. Lake Pontchartrain is in south Louisiana, northeast of New Orleans.
Now canals allow ocean traffic to go to Great Lakes.
He lived 1879 to 1965.
Moore lived 1937 to 1998.
William Preston Lane, Jr., Memorial Bridge is on US 50 and 301.
He lived 1910 to 1961.
He lived 1912 to 1986. Towers burned down in 2001.
He lived 1912 to 1995.
Aswan High Dam is in upper Egypt.
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi built it on west road to airport.
He lived 1925 to ?.
Alyeska Pipeline Service Company runs it.
Towns and buildings built in natural, intuitive, organic, and evolving way are best. People in society can share ideas {pattern language}. Pattern-language patterns solve problems of living in environments, from large regions down to room parts. Patterns depend on each other.
Larger patterns are about town or community. They have independent regions. They have town distributions, city-country fingers, agricultural valleys, country streets, country towns, and countryside. They have subcultures, scattered work, and local transport areas. They have community of 7000, subculture boundary, identifiable neighborhood, and neighborhood boundary. They have public transportation webs, ring roads, learning networks, shopping webs, and minibuses. They have four-story limit, nine-percent parking, parallel roads, sacred sites, access to water, life cycle accommodation, and men and women. They have eccentric nuclei, density rings, activity nodes, promenades, shopping streets, nightlife, and interchanges. They have household mix, public and private mix, house clusters, row houses, housing hills, and old people everywhere. They have work communities, industrial ribbons, marketplace universities, local town halls, community-project loops, large markets, health centers, and housing between. They have looped local roads, T-junctions, green streets, path and road networks, main gateways, road crossings, raised walks, bike paths and racks, and children. They have carnivals, quiet back areas, accessible greens, small public squares, high places, street dancing, pools and streams, birthplaces, and holy ground. They have common land, connected play, public outdoor rooms, grave sites, still water, local sports, adventure playgrounds, and animals. They have families and different-size houses. They have self-governing workshops and offices, small services without red tape, office connections, masters and apprentices, teenage society, shop-front schools, and homes. They have individually owned shops, street cafes, corner groceries, beer halls, traveler's inns, bus stops, and food stands.
Smaller patterns are for buildings. They have building complexes, several stories, shielded parking, circulation realms, main buildings, pedestrian paths, building thoroughfares, family entrances, and small parking lots. They have site repair, south-facing outdoor areas, outdoor spaces, light wings, connected buildings, and long thin houses. They have main entrances, half-hidden gardens, entrance transitions, car connections, open-space hierarchies, living courtyards, cascading roofs, sheltering roofs, and roof gardens. They have arcades, paths and goals, path shapes, building fronts, pedestrians not too crowded, activity pockets, and stair seats. They have intimacy gradient, indoor sunlight, common areas at heart, entrance rooms, flows through rooms, short passages, staircase stages, zen-style views, and light and dark tapestries. They have couple realms, children realms, sleeping to east, farmhouse kitchens, private terraces, own rooms, sitting spaces, bed clusters, bathing rooms, and bulk storage. They have flexible office space, communal eating, small work groups, reception areas, places to wait, small meeting rooms, and half-private offices. They have rooms to rent, teenager cottages, old-age cottages, settled workplaces, home workshops, and open stairs. They have light on two room sides, building edges, sunny places, north facing areas, outdoor rooms, street-level windows, openings to street, galleries, six-foot balconies, and connections to earth. They have terraced slopes, fruit trees, tree places, wild gardens, garden walls, trellised walks, greenhouses, garden seats, vegetable gardens, and compost. They have alcoves, window places, fireplaces, eating spots, workspace enclosures, cooking layouts, sitting circles, communal sleeping, marriage beds, bed alcoves, and dressing rooms. They have ceiling-height variety, indoor space shapes, large windows, half-open walls, interior windows, good staircase volume, and corner doors. They have thick walls, closets between rooms, sunny counters, open shelves, waist-high shelves, built-in seats, child caves, and secret places.
Building details have patterns. Buildings have structure that follows social spaces, efficient structure, good materials, and gradual stiffening. They have roof layouts, floor-and-ceiling layouts, outer wall thickenings, corner columns, and column distributions. They have root foundations, ground floor slab, box columns, perimeter beams, wall membranes, floor-ceiling vaults, and roof vaults. They have natural doors and windows, low sill, deep reveals, low doorway, and frames as thickened edges. They have column places, column connections, stair vaults, duct spaces, radiant heat, dormer windows, and roof caps. They have floor surfaces, lapped outside walls, soft inside walls, windows that open wide, solid doors with glass, filtered light, small panes, and half-inch trim. They have seat spots, front-door benches, sitting walls, canvas roofs, flower baskets, climbing plants, stone paving, tile, and brick. They have ornaments, warm colors, different chairs, light pools, and things from life.
Combining patterns gives deeper meaning.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225